View source for The Yellow Kid

{{Short description|American comic strip character}}
{{For|the con man Joseph "Yellow Kid" Weil|Joseph Weil}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox comics character
| character_name = The Yellow Kid
| image          = YellowKid.jpeg
| caption        = The Yellow Kid
| publisher      = [[Joseph Pulitzer]]'s ''[[New York World]]''<br />[[William Randolph Hearst]]'s ''[[New York Journal]]''
| debut          = 17 February 1895
| creators       = [[Richard F. Outcault]]
| full_name      = Mickey Dugan
| supports       = 
| converted      = y
}}
[[File:Claim for copyright on The Yellow Dugan Kid.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|Handwritten claim for copyright on "The Yellow Dugan Kid" to the [[Librarian of Congress]] on September 7, 1896]]
'''The Yellow Kid''' ('''Mickey Dugan'''<ref name= OSU />) is an American [[comic-strip]] character that appeared from 1895 to 1898 in [[Joseph Pulitzer]]'s ''[[New York World]]'', and later [[William Randolph Hearst]]'s ''[[New York Journal]]''. Created and drawn by [[Richard F. Outcault]] in the comic strip '''''Hogan's Alley'''''<!--'Hogan's Alley (comic strip)' redirects here--> (and later under other names as well), the strip was one of the first Sunday supplement comic strips in an American newspaper, although its graphical layout had already been thoroughly established in [[political cartoons|political]] and other, purely-for-entertainment [[cartoons]].<ref name="marywood">Wood, Mary (2004). [https://archive.today/20120805225634/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA04/wood/ykid/illustrated.htm ''The Yellow Kid on paper and stage, Contemporary illustrations'']. Retrieved October 17, 2007.</ref> Outcault's use of [[word balloon]]s in ''The Yellow Kid'' influenced the basic appearance and use of balloons in subsequent newspaper comic strips and [[comic book]]s.

''The Yellow Kid'' is also famous for its connection to the coining of the term "[[yellow journalism]]".<ref name= Quimby/> The idea of "yellow journalism" referred to stories that were sensationalized for the sake of selling papers, and was so named after the "Yellow Kid" cartoons. Through his cartoons, Outcault's work aimed his humor and social commentary at Pulitzer's adult readership. The strip has been described as "a turn-of-the-century theater of the city, in which class and racial tensions of the new urban, consumerist environment were acted out by a mischievous group of [[New York City]] kids from the wrong side of the tracks".<ref>''[https://archive.today/20120805233606/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA04/wood/ykid/intro.htm The Yellow Kid on paper and stage: Introduction]''. Retrieved 17 October 20</ref>

== Character ==
{{Quote box |quoted=true |bgcolor=#FFFFF0 |quote=The Yellow Kid was not an individual but a type. When I used to go about the slums on newspaper assignments I would encounter him often, wandering out of doorways or sitting down on dirty doorsteps. I always loved the Kid. He had a sweet character and a sunny disposition, and was generous to a fault. Malice, envy or selfishness were not traits of his, and he never lost his temper.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060819222032/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA04/wood/ykid/origins.htm The Yellow Kid on paper and stage, Origins of the Kid], retrieved 23 March 2011</ref><br />— Richard F. Outcault, from a 1902 interview|align=right|width=50%
}}
The Yellow Kid was a bald, snaggle-toothed, barefoot boy who wore an oversized yellow nightshirt and hung around in a [[slum]] alley typical of certain areas of squalor that existed in late 19th-century New York City. Hogan's Alley was filled with equally odd characters, mostly other children. With a goofy grin, the Kid habitually spoke in a ragged, peculiar [[slang]], which was printed on his shirt, a device meant to lampoon advertising [[billboard (advertising)|billboards]].<ref name=Quimby>{{cite web|title=The Adorable Origins of Yellow Journalism|author=Quimby, Rachel|publisher=Back Story: The American History Guys (Virginia Foundation for the Humanities)|url=http://backstoryradio.org/the-adorable-origins-of-yellow-journalism/|date=12 June 2009|access-date=25 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815021213/http://backstoryradio.org/the-adorable-origins-of-yellow-journalism/|archive-date=15 August 2012}}</ref>

The Yellow Kid's head was drawn wholly shaved, as if recently having been ridden of [[lice]], a common sight among children in New York's [[tenement]] ghettos at the time. His nightshirt, a hand-me-down from an older sister, was white or pale blue in the first color strips.<ref>''[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9407E7DF1439F934A25751C1A963958260  The Kid From Hogan's Alley]'', John Canemaker, New York Times Book Review. Retrieved 16 October 2007</ref>

== Publication history ==
[[Image:Outcault 4th ward brownies.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|right|Richard F. Outcault's last ''Hogan's Alley'' cartoon for ''Truth'' magazine, ''Fourth Ward Brownies'', was published on 9 February 1895 and reprinted in the ''New York World'' newspaper on 17 February 1895, beginning one of the first comic strips in an American newspaper. The character later known as the Yellow Kid had minor supporting roles in the strip's early panels. This one refers to ''[[The Brownies]]'' characters popularized in books and magazines by artist [[Palmer Cox]].]]

[[file:At the Circus in Hogan's Alley.gif|thumb|right|A May 1895 ''New York World'' appearance of the character (lower right, above Outcault's signature) who, here, is not yet wearing yellow.]]

[[Image:1896-11-15 Yellow Kid.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A year and a half later, Outcault was drawing the Yellow Kid for Hearst's ''New York Journal'' in a full-page color Sunday supplement as ''McFadden's Row of Flats''. In this 15 November 1896 Sunday panel, word balloons have appeared, the action is openly violent and the drawing has become mixed and chaotic.]]

The character who would later become the Yellow Kid first appeared on the scene in a minor supporting role in a single-panel cartoon published in the strip ''Feudal Pride in Hogan's Alley'' on 2 June 1894 in ''[[Truth (magazine)|Truth]]'' magazine. There were a few more Hogan's Alley cartoons featuring the Hogan's Alley kids over the rest of 1894 and the beginning of 1895. The four different black-and-white single-panel cartoons were deemed popular, and one of them, ''Fourth Ward Brownies'', was reprinted on 17 February 1895 in [[Joseph Pulitzer]]'s ''[[New York World]]'', where Outcault worked as a [[technical drawing]] artist. The ''World'' published another, newer ''Hogan's Alley'' cartoon less than a month later, and this was followed by the strip's first color printing on 5 May 1895.<ref name="richardolson">{{cite web |author=Olson, Richard D |title=R. F. Outcault, The Father of the American Sunday Comics, and the Truth About the Creation of the Yellow Kid |access-date=17 October 2007 |url=http://www.neponset.com/yellowkid/history |publisher=Neponset.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310185835/http://www.neponset.com/yellowkid/history |archive-date=10 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Hogan's Alley'' gradually became a full-page Sunday color cartoon with the Yellow Kid (who was also appearing several times a week) as its lead character.

In 1896, Outcault was hired away at a much higher salary to [[William Randolph Hearst]]'s ''[[New York Journal]]'' where he drew the Yellow Kid in a new full-page color strip which was significantly violent and even vulgar compared to his first panels for ''Truth'' magazine. Because Outcault failed in his attempt to copyright the Yellow Kid, Pulitzer was able to hire [[George Luks]] to continue drawing the original (and now less popular) version of the strip for the ''World'' and hence the Yellow Kid appeared simultaneously in two competing papers for about a year.<ref name="iangordon">Gordon, Ian (1998). ''Comic Strips and Consumer Culture'', pp. 31–32. Retrieved on 2013-07-09 from [https://academia.edu/514860/Comic_strips_and_consumer_culture_1890-1945]</ref> Luks's version of the Yellow Kid introduced a pair of twins, Alex and George, also dressed in yellow nightshirts.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://cartoonician.com/george-luks-the-other-yellow-kid-artist/| title = ''George Luks: The "Other" Yellow Kid Artist'', Hogan's Alley #13| access-date = 16 October 2015| archive-date = 16 October 2015| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151016221954/http://cartoonician.com/george-luks-the-other-yellow-kid-artist/| url-status = dead}}</ref> Outcault produced three subsequent series of Yellow Kid strips at the ''Journal'', each lasting no more than four months:

* ''McFadden's Row of Flats'' (18 October 1896 – 10 January 1897)
* ''Around the World with the Yellow Kid'' – a strip that sent the Kid on a world tour in the manner of [[Nellie Bly]] (17 January – 30 May 1897)
* A half-page strip which eventually adopted the title ''Ryan's Arcade'' (28 September 1897 – 23 January 1898).<ref name=OSU>[http://cartoons.osu.edu/yellowkid/index.htm ''The Yellow Kid''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204212505/http://cartoons.osu.edu/yellowkid/index.htm |date=4 December 2007 }}. The [[Ohio State University]] Libraries. Retrieved 1 December 2007</ref>

Publication of both versions stopped abruptly after only three years in early 1898, as circulation wars between the rival papers dwindled. Moreover, Outcault may have lost interest in the character when he realized he could not retain exclusive commercial control over it.<ref>''[https://archive.today/20120805222304/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA04/wood/ykid/death_kid.htm The Yellow Kid on paper and stage, Death of the Kid]''. Retrieved 17 October 2007</ref> The Yellow Kid's last appearance is most often noted as 23 January 1898 in a strip about [[hair tonic]]. On 1 May 1898, the character was featured in a rather satirical cartoon called ''Casey Corner Kids Dime Museum'' but he was drawn as a bearded, balding old man wearing a green nightshirt which bore the words: "Gosh I've growed old in making dis collection."<ref>The Ohio State University Libraries, [http://cartoons.osu.edu/yellowkid/1898/1898-05-01.jpg "Casey Corner Kids Dime Museum"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103072555/http://cartoons.osu.edu/yellowkid/1898/1898-05-01.jpg |date=3 January 2007 }}. Retrieved 11 December 2007</ref>

The Yellow Kid appeared sporadically in Outcault's later cartoon strips, most notably ''[[Buster Brown]]''.<ref name="woodbuster">Wood, Mary (2004). [https://archive.today/20121211145333/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA04/wood/ykid/imagehtml/society_buster.htm "Over the Bounding Main (Buster Brown Postcard)"]. R. F. Outcault Society's Yellow Kid Site. 10 December 2003. Retrieved October 17, 2007.</ref>

== Yellow journalism ==
The two newspapers that ran the Yellow Kid, Pulitzer's ''World'' and Hearst's ''Journal'', quickly became known as the ''yellow kid papers''. This was contracted to the ''yellow papers'' and the term ''yellow kid journalism'' was at last shortened to ''[[yellow journalism]]'', describing the two newspapers' editorial practices of taking (sometimes even fictionalized) [[sensationalism]] and profit as priorities in journalism.<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20060819221600/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA04/wood/ykid/yj.htm The Yellow Kid on paper and stage, Selling the kid]''. Retrieved 10 October 2014</ref><ref>''[http://academic2.american.edu/~wjc/spanish10.htm The "New" Journalism]'', W. Joseph Campbell. Retrieved 10 October 2014</ref><ref name="richardolson"/>

==Merchandising==
The Yellow Kid's image was an early example of lucrative merchandising and appeared on mass market retail objects in the greater New York City area such as "billboards, buttons, cigarette packs, cigars, cracker tins, ladies' fans, matchbooks, postcards, chewing gum cards, toys, whiskey and many other products".<ref name="derekwallace">Wallace, Derek (18 July 2005). ''The Yellow Kid''. Virtue Magazine, Volume 1, Issue 14, 18 July 2005. Retrieved on 2007-10-16 from [http://www.virtuemag.org/articles/the-yellow-kid. Virtuemag.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728163057/http://www.virtuemag.org/articles/the-yellow-kid. |date=28 July 2011 }}</ref> With the Yellow Kid's merchandising success as an advertising icon, the strip came to represent the crass commercial world it had originally lampooned.

== Legacy<!-- 'Yellow Kid Award' and 'Yellow Kid Awards' redirect here -->==
[[File:McFadden's Flats.jpg|thumb|upright|1902 poster for Gus Hill's stage production of ''McFadden's Flats'']]
Entertainment entrepreneur [[Gus Hill]] staged vaudeville plays based on the comic strip.<ref>{{cite book|last=Slide|first=Anthony|title=The Encyclopedia of Vaudeville|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hu3nNSmRjZ0C&pg=PA239|access-date=2014-05-12 |year=2012|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-1-61703-250-9|chapter=Gus Hill|page=239}}</ref> His version of ''McFadden's Flats'' was made into films in [[McFadden's Flats (1927 film)|1927]] and 1935.

The Yellow Kid made an appearance in the [[Marvel Universe]] in the [[Joss Whedon]]-written ''[[Runaways (comics)|Runaways]]'' story (volume 2, issue 27).<ref>{{cite web|last=Prada |first=Luis |url=http://www.cracked.com/article_20171_6-important-things-you-wont-believe-were-invented-in-comics.html |title=6 Important Things You Won't Believe Were Invented in Comics |date=5 January 2013 |publisher=Cracked.com |access-date=2013-12-21}}</ref> In this take on the character, he exhibits superhuman powers.

In the ''[[Ziggy (comic strip)|Ziggy]]'' of 16 February 1990, Ziggy points to a smiling old man seated next to him on a park bench and says, "No kidding... '''You''' were The Yellow Kid!"<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.gocomics.com/ziggy/1990/02/16| title = Ziggy comic strip, February 16, 1990}}</ref>

Writer Chris Yambar and editorial cartoonist [[Randy Bish]] attempted to revive the series in 2020 as a comic book for the character's 125th anniversary,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailycartoonist.com/index.php/2020/01/23/the-yellow-kid-returns/|title=The Yellow Kid Returns|first=D. D.|last=Degg|date=23 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://triblive.com/local/westmoreland/cartoonist-writer-bring-back-iconic-comic-the-yellow-kid/|title=Cartoonist, writer bring back iconic comic 'The Yellow Kid'|first=Mary|last=Pickels|date=23 February 2020|website=TribLIVE.com}}</ref> in which The Yellow Kid is pulled into the modern day by a magician; however, only one issue was published before Yambar's death in March of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businessjournaldaily.com/pop-artist-chris-yambar-dead-at-59/|title=Pop Artist Chris Yambar Dead at 59|first=Guy|last=D'Astolfo|date=28 March 2021}}</ref>

=== Yellow Kid Awards ===
The '''Yellow Kid Awards'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA--> are Italian comics awards presented by the Italian International Comics and Cartooning Exhibition<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hahnlibrary.net/comics/awards/non-american.html |title=Non-American Awards |work=Hahn Library Comic Book Awards Almanac |access-date=23 July 2024}}</ref> and distributed at the annual Italian comic book and gaming convention [[Lucca Comics & Games]].

==See also==
* ''[[Ally Sloper]]''
* ''[[Histoire de Mr. Vieux Bois]]''
* [[Hogan's Alley (magazine)|''Hogan's Alley'' (magazine)]]
* ''[[Max and Moritz]]''
* ''[[The Katzenjammer Kids]]''
* ''[[The Little Bears]]''
* ''[[Little Nemo]]''
* [[Platinum Age of Comic Books]]
{{-}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Yellow Kid}}
* [http://www.backstoryradio.org/?PHPSESSID=0e3f339b0bf0847d865a2c3ba83053e3&s=yellow+kid&x=13&y=11 Radio piece detailing the story behind the Yellow Kid, particularly his role in commercial advertising]
* [http://cartoons.osu.edu/digital_albums/yellowkid/ The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum: Digital album of 88 Yellow Kid tearsheets from the San Francisco Academy of Comic Art Collection] 
* [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9407E7DF1439F934A25751C1A963958260 ''New York Times Book Review'': "The Kid From Hogan's Alley" by John Canemaker]
* [http://www.marklansdown.com/pinbacks/pages/yellowkid.html Yellow Kid Pinbacks]
* {{Marvunapp|http://www.marvunapp.com/Appendix6/yellowkid.htm|Yellow Kid}}
* [https://comicvine.gamespot.com/the-yellow-kid/4005-66506/ The Yellow Kid] at Comic Vine

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yellow Kid}}
[[Category:Comics characters introduced in 1894]]
[[Category:American comic strips]]
[[Category:Child characters in comics]]
[[Category:Male characters in comics]]
[[Category:Comics about children]]
[[Category:Comic strips started in the 1890s]]
[[Category:1890s comics]]
[[Category:Comic strips ended in the 1890s]]
[[Category:Comics adapted into plays]]
[[Category:Comics set in New York City]]
[[Category:Comics set in the 19th century]]
[[Category:American comics characters]]
[[Category:Fictional American people]]
[[Category:Gag-a-day comics]]
[[Category:Public domain comics]]