View source for Richard F. Outcault

{{Short description|American cartoonist (1863–1928)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox comics creator
| image         = Richard Felton Outcault 02.jpg
| caption       = Outcalt by [[Pirie MacDonald]] in 1905
| birth_name    = Richard Felton Outcalt
| birth_date    = {{Birth date|1863|1|14}}
| birth_place   = [[Lancaster, Ohio]], U.S.
| death_date    = {{Death date and age|1928|9|25|1863|1|14}}
| death_place   = [[Flushing, New York]], U.S.
| area          = Cartoonist
| spouse        = {{Marriage|Mary Jane Martin|1890}}
| children        = 2
}}

'''Richard Felton Outcault''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|aʊ|t|k|ɔː|l|t}}; January 14, 1863 – September 25, 1928) was an American [[cartoonist]]. He was the creator of the series ''[[The Yellow Kid]]'' and ''[[Buster Brown]]'' and is considered a key pioneer of the modern [[comic strip]].

==Life and career==
===Early life and education===
Outcault was born on January 14, 1863, in [[Lancaster, Ohio]], to Catherine Davis and Jesse P. {{not a typo|Outcalt}}—spelled without the ''u'' their son later added. He attended the [[Art Academy of Cincinnati|McMicken School of Design]] in Cincinnati from 1878 to 1881, and after graduating did commercial painting{{sfn|Harvey|2016}} for the Hall Safe and Lock Company.{{sfn|Dunley|2014|p=278}}

===Early career===
Outcault painted electric light displays for Edison Laboratories for the 1888 Centennial Exposition of the Ohio Valley and Middle Atlantic States in Cincinnati. This led to full-time work with Edison in [[West Orange, New Jersey]], doing mechanical drawings and illustrations. Edison appointed him official artist for the company's traveling exhibition in 1889–90, which included supervising the installation of Edison exhibits at the [[Exposition Universelle (1889)|Exposition Universelle]] in Paris. While there, he studied art in the [[Latin Quarter, Paris|Latin Quarter]] and added the ''u'' to his surname.{{sfn|Harvey|2016}}

In 1890 Outcault returned to the US, married, and moved to [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]] in New York City. He worked making technical drawings to ''Street Railway Journal'' and ''Electrical World'',{{sfn|Harvey|2016}} a magazine owned by one of Edison's friends.<ref name=virtue>[http://www.virtuemag.org/articles/the-yellow-kid Wallace, Derek. ''Virtue'' vol. 1, no. 14. July 18, 2005.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617070250/http://www.virtuemag.org/articles/the-yellow-kid |date=June 17, 2009 }}</ref> On the side, he contributed to the humor magazines ''[[Truth (magazine)|Truth]]'', ''[[Puck (magazine)|Puck]]'', ''[[Judge (magazine)|Judge]]'' and ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]''.{{sfn|Harvey|2016}}

===The Yellow Kid===
[[File:Yellow kid001.gif|upright|thumb|left|alt=|The [[Yellow Kid]]]]
The ''[[New York World]]'' newspaper began publishing cartoons in 1889. The ''[[Chicago Inter Ocean]]'' added a [[Supplement (publishing)|color supplement]] in 1892, the first in the US, and when the ''World''{{'}}s publisher [[Joseph Pulitzer]] saw it, he ordered for his own newspaper the same{{sfn|Harvey|2016}} four-color [[rotary printing press]].{{sfn|Dunley|2014|p=279}} A color Sunday humor supplement began to run in the ''World'' in Spring 1893. The supplement's editor [[Morrill Goddard]] contacted Outcault via [[Roy McCardell]] on the staff of ''Puck'' and offered Outcault a full-time position with the ''World''.{{sfn|Harvey|2016}} Outcault's first cartoon for the paper appeared on September 16, 1894: a six-panel, full-page comic strip titled "Uncle Eben's Ignorance of the City". Though not the first strips to employ multi-panel narrative strips—even at the ''World''—Outcault's were among the earliest. His primary subjects were African Americans who lived in a town called Possumville and Irish immigrants who lived in [[tenement]] slums.{{sfn|Harvey|2016}}

An Outcault cartoon from the June 2, 1894 (in ''[[Truth (magazine)|Truth]]'' magazine) featured a big-eared, bald street kid in a gown. Outcault continued to draw the character, who made his debut in the ''World'' on January 13, 1895. The kid appeared in color for the first time in the May 5 issue in a cartoon titled "At the Circus in Hogan's Alley". Outcault weekly ''Hogan's Alley'' cartoons appeared from then on in color, starring rambunctious slum kids in the streets, in particular the bald kid, who gained the name Mickey Dugan. In the January 5 episode of ''Hogan's Alley'', Mickey's gown appeared in bright yellow. He soon became the star of the strip and became known as ''[[The Yellow Kid]]'', and that May the Kid's dialogue began appearing on his yellow gown. The strip's popularity drove up the ''World''{{'}}s circulation and the Kid was widely merchandised. Its level of success drove other papers to publish such strips, and thus the Yellow Kid is seen as a landmark in the development of the comic strip as a mass medium.{{sfn|Harvey|2016}}

Outcault may not have benefited from the strip's merchandise revenue. Though he applied at least three times, he does not appear to have been granted a copyright on the strip. Common practice at the time would have given the publisher the copyrights to the strips they printed on a work-for-hire basis, though not to the characters therein.{{sfn|Harvey|2016}}

California newspaperman [[William Randolph Hearst]] set up offices in New York after buying the failing ''New York Morning Journal'', which he renamed the ''[[New York Journal]]''. He bought a color press and hired away the ''World''{{'}}s Sunday supplement staff, including Outcault, at greatly increased salaries. Hearst's color humor supplement was named ''The American Humorist'' and advertised as "eight pages of polychromatic effulgence that make the rainbow look like a lead pipe". It debuted on October 18, 1896, and an advertisement in the ''Journal'' the day before boasted: "The Yellow Kid—Tomorrow, Tomorrow!" The strip was titled ''McFadden's Row of Flats'', as the ''World'' claimed the ''Hogan's Alley'' title. A week earlier, on October 11, Outcault's replacement at the ''World'' [[George Luks]] took over with his own version of ''Hogan's Alley'';{{sfn|Harvey|2016}} he had handled the strip earlier, the first time that May 31.{{sfn|Barker|1995|p=27}} Both papers advertised themselves with posters featuring the Yellow Kid, and soon the association with their sensational style of journalism led to the coining of the term "[[yellow journalism]]".{{sfn|Harvey|2016}}

The installment for October 25, 1896—"The Yellow Kid and his New Phonograph"—featured [[speech balloon]]s for the first time.{{sfn|Walker|2004|pp=9–10}} Outcault's strips appeared twice a week in the ''Journal'', and took on a form that was to become standard: multipanel strips in which the images and text were inextricably bound to each other. Comics historian [[Bill Blackbeard]] asserted this made it "nothing less than the first definitive comic strip in history". From January to May 1897, Hearst sent Outcault and the ''Humorist''{{'}}s editor [[Rudolph Block]] to Europe, a trip Outcault reported on in the paper through a mock Yellow Kid diary and an ''Around the World with the Yellow Kid'' strip, which took the place of ''McFadden's Row of Flats''.{{sfn|Harvey|2016}}

The Yellow Kid's popularity soon faded, and the last strip appeared on January 23, 1898. Luks' version had ended the month before. The character made rare appearances thereafter. Hearst had launched the ''[[New York Evening Journal]]'' and made Outcault the editor of the daily comics page. He continued to contribute cartoons to it, as well as to the ''World'', where he had ''Casey’s Corner'' published, a strip about African-American characters that debuted on February 13, 1898, and moved to the ''Evening Journal'' on April 8, 1898. It was the first newspaper strip to feature continuity.{{sfn|Harvey|2016}}

Outcault freelanced cartoons to other papers in 1899. ''The Country School'' and ''The Barnyard Club'' ran briefly in ''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]''. In the ''[[New York Herald]]'' ran ''Buddy Tucker'', about a bellhop, and ''Pore Lil Mose'', the first strip with an African-American title character—a prankster portrayed in a heavily stereotyped manner.{{sfn|Harvey|2016}}

===Buster Brown===
[[File:Buster Brown alone mod color.png|upright|thumb|alt=|left|''Buster Brown'']]

Outcault introduced [[Buster Brown]] to the pages of the ''Herald'' on May 4, 1902, about a mischievous, well-to-do boy dressed in [[Little Lord Fauntleroy]] style, and his [[American Pit Bull Terrier|pit-bull terrier]] Tige. The strip and characters were more popular than the Yellow Kid, and Outcault licensed the name for a wide number of consumer products, such as children's shoes from the [[Brown Shoe Company]]. In 1904 Outcault sold advertising licenses to 200 companies at the [[Louisiana Purchase Exposition]]. Journalist [[Roy McCardell]] reported in 1905 that Outcault earned $75,000 a year from merchandising and employed two secretaries and a lawyer.{{sfn|Harvey|2016}}

At the ''Herald'', Outcault worked alongside fellow comic strip pioneer [[Winsor McCay]] (who at that point was mostly working on illustrations and editorial cartoons). A rivalry built up between the two cartoonists, which resulted in Outcault leaving the ''Herald'' to return to his previous employer, [[William Randolph Hearst]] at ''[[New York Journal-American|The New York Journal]]''.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=74}} In the ''Journal,'' Outcault began using multiple panels and speech balloons following the earlier examples of [[Frederick Burr Opper]] and [[Rudolph Dirks]].

Outcault took Buster Brown to Hearst's ''New York American'' in January 1906. The ''Herald'' continued to publish Buster Brown strips by other cartoonists; Outcault sued, and the ''Herald'' countersued the ''American''{{'}}s publishers for the character's trademark.

Outcault had not applied for a copyright to Buster Brown, but asserted a "common-law title"—what comics historian [[Don Markstein]] asserted is one of the earliest claims to [[creators' rights]]. The court decided the ''Herald'' owned the ''Buster Brown'' name and title and the copyright on the strips it published, but the characters themselves were too intangible to qualify for copyright or trademark. Nonetheless a later court case established that Outcault owned all other rights to Buster Brown.{{sfn|Gordon|1998|p=48}} This freed Outcault to continue the strip in the ''American'' as long as he did not use the ''Buster Brown'' name.{{efn|Many sources erroneously assert this case was over the Yellow Kid; no records exist of a lawsuit over the Yellow Kid. But Meyer, drawing on Gordon (1998, p. 32) reproduces W. B. Howell, Assistant Secretary, Treasury Department, to W. Y. Connor, New York Journal, April 15, 1897, reprinted in Decisions of the Notes to  United States Courts involving Copyright and Literary Property, 1789-1909, Bulletin 15 (Washington, D.G.: Library of Congress, 1980), pp. 3187-88, which shows that the Treasury Department made a legal determination{{sfnm|1a1=Winchester|1y=2017|1p={{page needed|date=June 2016}}|2a1=Harvey|2y=2016|3a1=Meyer|3y=2019|3p=28}} }}{{sfn|Harvey|2016}}

Outcault continued the untitled Buster Brown strip until 1921, though increasingly the work was done by assistants. He focused rather on merchandising, and set up an advertising agency in Chicago at 208 South Dearborn Street to handle it. In 1914 he proposed unsuccessfully a Buster Brown League for boys too young to join the Boy Scouts.{{sfn|Harvey|2016}}

Outcault retired from newspapers and spent the last ten years of his life painting. After a ten-week illness{{sfn|Harvey|2016}} he died on September 25, 1928, in [[Flushing, New York]].{{sfn|Dunley|2014|p=279}} His widow later interred his ashes at the [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)|Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery]] in [[Glendale, California]].{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Society|first=The Greater Astoria Historical|title=QueensLine: 'Yellow journalism' named for Flushing man's comic strip – QNS.com|url=https://qns.com/2010/09/queensline-yellow-journalism-named-for-flushing-mans-comic-strip/|access-date=2021-08-04|website=qns.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Outcault married Mary Jane Martin, the granddaughter of a Lancaster banker, on Christmas Day 1890.{{sfn|Harvey|2016}} The couple had two children.{{sfn|Dunley|2014|p=279}}

==Legacy==

{{Expand section|date=June 2016}}

*Comics historian [[R.&nbsp;C. Harvey]] considered "that Outcault belongs in the ranks of the great cartoonists".{{sfn|Harvey|2016}}
*Outcault was a 2008 Judges' Choice inductee into the [[List of Eisner Award winners#The Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame|Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame]].<ref>[http://www.comic-con.org/cci/cci_eisners_08hallfame.shtml Comic-Con: "The 2008 Eisner Awards: Eisner Hall of Fame Nominees Announced"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401095352/http://www.comic-con.org/cci/cci_eisners_08hallfame.shtml |date=April 1, 2008 }}</ref>
*[[Lancaster High School (Ohio)|Lancaster High School]] in Lancaster, Ohio (Outcault's birthplace) awards the R. F. Outcault Innovation Award to journalism students annually. Betsy Noll (2011) was the first recipient, Riley Theiss and Ohio State and Harvard Linebacker Luke Roberts were the 2012 recipients, Jeremy Hill & Alek LaVeck were the 2013 co-recipients, and Connor McCandlish received the honor in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eyeofthegale.edublogs.org/ |publisher=Lancaster High School Journalism |title=The Eye of the Gale |access-date=July 20, 2012}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===

{{Refbegin}}

* {{cite journal
|last    = Barker
|first   = Kenneth
|title   = The Comic Series of Joseph Pulitzer's New York Sunday World
|pages   = 26–32
|journal = Inks
|volume  = 2
|issue   = 1
|date    = February 1995
}}
* {{cite book
|last         = Dunley
|first        = Kathleen
|chapter      = Outcault, Richard Felton
|pages        = 278–280
|editor-last  = Booker
|editor-first = M. Keith
|title        = Comics through Time: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas &#91;4 volumes&#93;: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas
|chapter-url          = https://books.google.com/books?id=hnuQBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA278
|year         = 2014
|publisher    = [[ABC-CLIO]]
|isbn         = 978-0-313-39751-6
}}
* {{cite book
|last        = Canemaker
|first       = John
|author-link = John Canemaker
|title       = Winsor McCay: His Life and Art
|url         = https://books.google.com/books?id=vs82AQAAIAAJ
|edition     = Revised
|year        = 2005
|publisher   = [[Abrams Books]]
|isbn        = 978-0-8109-5941-5
}}
* {{cite book
|last      = Gordon
|first     = Ian
|title     = Comic Strips and Consumer Culture
|year      = 1998
|publisher = Smithsonian Institution Press
|isbn      = 1-58834-031-7
}}
* {{cite web
|last        = Harvey
|first       = R. C.
|author-link  = R. C. Harvey
|title       = Outcault, Goddard, the Comics, and the Yellow Kid
|date        = June 9, 2016
|website     = [[The Comics Journal]]
|publisher   = [[Fantagraphics Books]]
|url         = http://www.tcj.com/outcault-goddard-the-comics-and-the-yellow-kid/
|access-date  = June 12, 2016
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20160612223437/http://www.tcj.com/outcault-goddard-the-comics-and-the-yellow-kid/
|archive-date=June 12, 2016 }}
* {{cite book
|last      = Meyer
|first     = Christina
|title     = Producing Mass Entertainment
|year      = 2019
|publisher = Ohio State University Press
|isbn      = 978-0-8142-5560-5
}}
* {{cite book
|last      = Walker
|first     = Brian
|title     = The Comics: Before 1945
|year      = 2004
|publisher = Harry N. Abrams
|isbn      = 978-0-8109-4970-6
}}
* {{cite journal
|last    = Winchester
|first   = Mark D.
|title   = Litigation and Early Comic Strips: The Lawsuits of Outcault, Dirks, and Fisher
|pages   = 16–25
|journal = Inks
|volume  = 2
|issue   = 2
|date    = May 1995
|ref=none
}}
* {{cite book |last=Winchester |first=Mark D. |chapter=Litigation and Early Comic Strips: The Lawsuits of Outcault, Dirks, and Fisher |title=Drawing the Line: Comics Studies and INKS, 1994–1997 |date=2017 |editor1=Lucy Shelton Caswell |editor2=Jared Gardner |publisher=Ohio State University Press |isbn=978-0-8142-5400-4}}

{{Refend}}

==Further reading==

{{Refbegin}}

* {{cite journal
|last1       = McCardell
|first1      = Roy L.
|last2       = Harvey
|first2      = R. C.
|author2-link = R. C. Harvey
|title       = Opper, Outcault, and Company: The Comic Supplement and the Men who Make It
|pages       = 2–15
|journal     = Inks
|volume      = 2
|issue       = 2
|date        = May 1995
}}
* {{cite journal
|last    = Olson
|first   = Richard D.
|title   = Richard Felton Outcault's Yellow Kid
|pages   = 2–17
|journal = Inks
|volume  = 2
|issue   = 3
|date    = November 1995
}}

{{Refend}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline|Richard Felton Outcault}}
*[http://www.brownshoe.com/busterbrown/busbrwn_history.asp The Life and Times of Buster Brown]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Outcault, Richard F.}}
[[Category:1863 births]]
[[Category:1928 deaths]]
[[Category:American comic strip cartoonists]]
[[Category:Hearst Communications people]]
[[Category:People from Lancaster, Ohio]]
[[Category:Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)]]
[[Category:People from Flushing, Queens]]
[[Category:19th-century American male artists]]
[[Category:20th-century American male artists]]
[[Category:Artists from Ohio]]
[[Category:Art Academy of Cincinnati alumni]]