View source for Julio Cortázar

{{Short description|Argentine writer (1914–1984)}}
{{Redirect|Cortázar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
| name             = Julio Cortázar
| image            = Cortázar.jpg
| image_upright    = 0.9
| caption          = Cortázar in 1967
| birth_date       = {{birth-date|26 August 1914}}
| birth_place      = [[Ixelles]], Belgium
| death_date       = {{Death date and age |df=yes|1984|02|12|1914|08|26}}
| death_place      = [[Paris]], France
| resting_place    = [[Montparnasse Cemetery]], Paris
| nationality      = Argentine, French
| occupation       = Writer, translator
| pseudonym        = 
| genre            = Short story, poetry, novel
| movement         = [[Latin American Boom]]
| awards           = [[Prix Médicis]] (France, 1974), [[Order of Rubén Darío|Rubén Darío Order of Cultural Independence]] (Nicaragua, 1983)
| notableworks     = ''[[Hopscotch (Cortázar novel)|Hopscotch]]''<br />''[[Blow-up and Other Stories]]''
| signature        = Julio Cortázar signature.svg
| website          = 
| module           = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=05 JULIO CORTAZAR.ogg|title=Julio Cortázar's voice|type=speech|description=Recorded 1943}}
}}

'''Julio Florencio Cortázar'''<ref>Montes-Bradley, Eduardo. "Cortázar sin barba". Editorial Debate. Random House Mondadori. p. 35, Madrid. 2005.</ref> (26 August 1914 – 12 February 1984; {{IPA|es-419|ˈxuljo koɾˈtasaɾ|lang|Julio Cortazar.ogg}}) was an [[Argentina|Argentine]] and naturalised [[France|French]] [[novelist]], [[short story]] writer, poet, [[essayist]], and [[translator]]. Known as one of the founders of the [[Latin American Boom]], Cortázar influenced an entire generation of Spanish-speaking readers and writers in America and Europe. 

He is considered to be one of the most innovative and original authors of his time, a master of history, [[poetic prose]], and short stories as well as the author of many groundbreaking novels, a prolific author who inaugurated a new way of making literature in the [[Hispanic world]] by breaking classical molds. He is perhaps best known as the author of multiple narratives that attempt to defy the [[Temporality|temporal linearity]] of traditional literature. 

Cortázar lived his childhood, adolescence, and incipient maturity in Argentina. In 1951, he settled in France for what would prove to be more than three decades. However, he also lived in Italy, Spain, and Switzerland.

==Early life==
Julio Cortázar was born on 26 August 1914, in [[Ixelles]],<ref 
name="ReferenceA">Cortázar sin barba, by [[Eduardo Montes-Bradley]]. Random House Mondadori, Editorial Debate, Madrid, 2004</ref> a municipality of [[Brussels]], Belgium. According to biographer Miguel Herráez, his parents, Julio José Cortázar and María Herminia Descotte, were Argentine citizens, and his father was attached to the Argentine diplomatic service in Belgium.<ref>Herráez, Miguel. ''Julio Cortázar, Una Biografía Revisada'' Alrevés, 2011 {{ISBN|9788415098034}} p. 25</ref>

At the time of Cortázar's birth, Belgium was occupied by the German troops of [[Kaiser]] [[Wilhelm II]]. After German troops arrived in Belgium, Cortázar and his family moved to [[Zürich]] where María Herminia's parents, Victoria Gabel and Louis Descotte (a French national), were waiting in [[neutral territory]]. The family group spent the next two years in Switzerland, first in [[Zürich]], then [[Geneva]], before moving for a short period to [[Barcelona]]. The Cortázars settled outside of [[Buenos Aires]] by the end of 1919.<ref>Montes-Bradley, Eduardo. "Cortázar sin barba". Editorial Debate. Random House Mondadori, p. 110, Madrid, 2005.</ref>

Cortázar's father left when Julio was six, and the family had no further contact with him.<ref>Herráez, Miguel. ''Julio Cortázar, Una Biografía Revisada'' Alrevés, 2011, {{ISBN|9788415098034}}, pp. 38 & 45,</ref> Cortázar spent most of his childhood in [[Banfield (village)|Banfield]], a suburb south of Buenos Aires, with his mother and younger sister. The home in Banfield, with its backyard, was a source of inspiration for some of his stories.<ref>Banfield is mentioned in the short story [http://www.literatura.org/Cortázar/Conducta.html "Conducta en los velorios"]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} from ''[[Historias de cronopios y de famas]]''.</ref> Despite this, in a letter to Graciela M. de Solá on 4 December 1963, he described this period of his life as "full of servitude, excessive touchiness, terrible and frequent sadness." He was a sickly child and spent much of his childhood in bed reading. His mother, who [[Multilingualism|spoke several languages]] and was a great reader herself, introduced her son to the works of [[Jules Verne]], whom Cortázar admired for the rest of his life. In the magazine ''Plural'' (issue 44, Mexico City, May 1975) he wrote: "I spent my childhood in a haze full of goblins and elves, with a sense of space and time that was different from everybody else's".

==Education and teaching career==
[[File:JulioCortazar001.JPG|right|thumb|120px|Cortázar in his youth]]
Cortázar obtained a qualification as an elementary school teacher at the age of 18. He would later pursue higher education in [[philosophy]] and [[languages]] at the [[University of Buenos Aires]] [[Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, University of Buenos Aires|Faculty of Philosophy and Letters]], but left for financial reasons without receiving a degree.<ref>Herráez, Miguel. ''Julio Cortázar, Una Biografía Revisada.'' Alrevés, 2011, {{ISBN|9788415098034}}, p. 343.</ref> According to biographer [[Eduardo Montes-Bradley|Montes-Bradley]], Cortázar taught in at least two high schools in Buenos Aires Province, one in the city of [[Chivilcoy Partido|Chivilcoy]], the other in [[Bolivar, Buenos Aires Province|Bolivar]]. In 1938, using the pseudonym of Julio Denis, he self-published a volume of [[sonnet]]s, ''Presencia.''<ref>{{YouTube|WSJoWdZZ5m8|Conversaciones con Cortázar}} Omar Prego, Muchnik Editores, 1985 (p. 33).</ref> He later repudiated this work, saying in a 1977 interview for Spanish television that publishing it was his only transgression to the principle of not publishing any books until he was convinced that what was written in them was what he meant to say.<ref>{{YouTube|JeaaxOrC8nw|Julio Cortázar – A fondo}} TVE 1977.</ref> 

In 1944, he became professor of [[French literature]] at the [[National University of Cuyo]] in [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]], but owing to political pressure from [[Peronism|Peronists]], he resigned the position in June 1946. He subsequently worked as a translator and as director of the Cámara Argentina del Libro, a trade organization.<ref>Herráez, Miguel. ''Julio Cortázar, Una Biografía Revisada.'' Alrevés, 2011, {{ISBN|9788415098034}}, pp. 118–119.</ref> 

In 1949, he published a play, ''Los Reyes'' (''The Kings''), based on the myth of [[Theseus]] and the [[Minotaur]]. In 1980, Cortázar delivered eight lectures at the [[University of California, Berkeley]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/03/the-subtle-radicalism-of-julio-cortazars-berkeley-lectures/520812/|title=The Subtle Radicalism of Julio Cortázar's Berkeley Lectures|last=Illingworth|first=Dustin|work=The Atlantic|date=March 28, 2017|access-date=29 March 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Years in France==
In 1951, Cortázar immigrated to France, where he lived and worked for the rest of his life, though he travelled widely. From 1952 onwards, he worked intermittently for [[UNESCO]] as a translator. He wrote most of his major works in Paris or in [[Saignon]] in the south of France, where he also maintained a home. In later years he became actively engaged in opposing abuses of human rights in Latin America, and was a supporter of the [[Sandinista]] revolution in [[Nicaragua]] as well as [[Fidel Castro]]'s Cuban revolution and [[Salvador Allende]]'s socialist government in Chile.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/cortaz.htm |title=Julio Cortázar |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |first=Petri |last=Liukkonen |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library |location=Finland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428033001/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/cortaz.htm |archive-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Cortázar had three long-term romantic relationships with women. The first was with Aurora Bernárdez, an Argentine translator, whom he married in 1953. They separated in 1968<ref>Herráez, Miguel. ''Julio Cortázar, Una Biografía Revisada'' Alrevés, 2011 {{ISBN|9788415098034}} pp. 245–252.</ref> when he became involved with the Lithuanian writer, editor, translator, and filmmaker [[Ugnė Karvelis]], whom he never formally married, and who reportedly stimulated Cortázar's interest in politics,<ref>{{cite book |first=Mario |last=Goloboff|title=Julio Cortázar – La biografía |year=1998 |isbn=950-731-205-6 |chapter= Chap. 11: De otros lados|pages=170–174|publisher=Seix Barral }}</ref> although his political sensibilities had already been awakened by a visit to Cuba in 1963, the first of multiple trips that he would make to that country throughout the remainder of his life. In 1981 he married Canadian writer [[Carol Dunlop]]. After Dunlop's death in 1982, Aurora Bernárdez accompanied Cortázar during his final illness and, in accordance with his longstanding wishes, inherited the rights to all his works.<ref>[http://www.elmundo.es/america/2012/07/15/argentina/1342361857.html «Las cartas de Cortázar»], article in the newspaper ''El Mundo'' (Madrid), 15 July 2012.</ref><ref>Julio Cortázar. ''Cartas,'' 3 (2000 edition, Alfaguara), p. 1785. {{ISBN|9505115938}}.</ref>

===Death===
Cortázar died in Paris in 1984, and is interred in the [[Montparnasse Cemetery|cimetière du Montparnasse]]. The cause of his death was reported to be [[leukemia]], though some sources state that he died from AIDS as a result of receiving a blood transfusion.<ref>[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2001/06/07/s-04001.htm Una nueva biografía sostiene que Cortázar habría muerto de sida] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212956/http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2001/06/07/s-04001.htm |date=3 March 2016 }} clarin.com, 7 June 2001</ref><ref>[http://www.abc.es/20090125/cultura-cultura/peri-rossi-cortazar-murio-20090125.html «Peri Rossi: “Cortázar murió de sida por una transfusión”»], article in the newspaper [[ABC (Madrid)|''ABC'']] from 25 January 2009.</ref>

==Works==
[[File:Cortazar buenos aires.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Cortázar photographed in [[Buenos Aires]] in December 1983, after 10 years of exile in France]]
Cortázar wrote numerous short stories, collected in such volumes as ''[[Bestiario]]'' (1951), ''[[Final del juego]]'' (1956), and ''[[Las armas secretas]]'' (1959). In 1967, English translations by [[Paul Blackburn (U.S. poet)|Paul Blackburn]] of stories selected from these volumes were published by [[Pantheon Books]] as ''[[End of the Game and Other Stories]]''; it was later re-titled ''Blow-up and Other Stories''. Cortázar published four novels during his lifetime: ''[[Los premios]]'' (''The Winners'', 1960), ''[[Hopscotch (Cortázar novel)|Hopscotch]]'' (''Rayuela'', 1963), ''[[62: A Model Kit]]'' (''62 Modelo para Armar'', 1968), and ''[[Libro de Manuel]]'' (''A Manual for Manuel'', 1973). Except for ''[[Los premios]]'', which was translated by Elaine Kerrigan, these novels have been translated into English by [[Gregory Rabassa]]. Two other novels, ''El examen'' and ''Divertimento'', though written before 1960, only appeared posthumously.

The open-ended structure of ''Hopscotch'', which invites the reader to choose between a linear and a non-linear mode of reading, has been praised by other [[Latin American]] writers, including [[José Lezama Lima]], [[Giannina Braschi]], [[Carlos Fuentes]], [[Gabriel García Márquez]], and [[Mario Vargas Llosa]].{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} Cortázar's use of interior monologue and [[Stream of consciousness writing|stream of consciousness]] owes much to [[James Joyce]]<ref> Zavaleta, Carlos Eduardo (1999), [http://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/bibvirtual/publicaciones/alma_mater/2000_n18-19/julio_cortazar.htm "Julio Cortázar y James Joyce"]. ''Alma Mater'' Nº 18–19.</ref> and other modernists,{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} but his main influences were [[Surrealism]],<ref>Picón Garfield, Evelyn. ''Es Julio Cortázar un surrealista?'', 1975</ref> the French [[Nouveau roman]]{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} and the improvisatory [[aesthetic]] of [[jazz]].<ref>[http://www.march.es/bibliotecas/repositorio-cortazar/jazz/pdf/El_jazz_en_la_obra_de_Cortazar.pdf "El jazz en la obra de Cortázar"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124152839/http://www.march.es/bibliotecas/repositorio-cortazar/jazz/pdf/El_jazz_en_la_obra_de_Cortazar.pdf |date=24 November 2013 }}, p. 41.</ref> This last interest is reflected in the notable story "El perseguidor" ("The Pursuer"), which Cortázar based on the life of the [[bebop]] saxophonist [[Charlie Parker]].<ref>Sommer, Doris, "Grammar Trouble for Cortázar", in ''Proceed with Caution, When Engaged by Minority Writing in the Americas'', Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, p. 211.</ref>

Cortázar also published poetry, drama, and various works of non-fiction. In the 1960s, working with the artist José Silva, he created two almanac-books or ''libros-almanaque'', ''La vuelta al día en ochenta mundos'' and ''Último Round'', which combined various texts written by Cortázar with photographs, engravings, and other illustrations, in the manner of the ''almanaques del mensajero'' that had been widely circulated in rural Argentina during his childhood.<ref>Herráez, Miguel. ''Julio Cortázar, Una Biografía Revisada'' Alrevés, 2011, {{ISBN|9788415098034}}, p. 242.</ref> One of his last works was a collaboration with Carol Dunlop, ''[[Los autonautas de la cosmopista|The Autonauts of the Cosmoroute]]'', which relates, partly in mock-heroic style, the couple's extended expedition along the autoroute from Paris to [[Marseille]] in a [[Volkswagen]] camper nicknamed Fafner. As a translator, he completed Spanish-language renderings of ''[[Robinson Crusoe]]'', [[Marguerite Yourcenar]]'s novel ''[[Mémoires d'Hadrien]]'', and the complete prose works of [[Edgar Allan Poe]].<ref>[http://www.march.es/bibliotecas/repositorio-cortazar/buscador.aspx?l=1&p2=5&p3=Julio%20Cortazar%20como%20traductor#avanzada Biblioteca Julio Cortázar], Fundación Juan March.</ref>

==Influence and legacy==
[[File:Juliocortazar.jpg|alt=Marble grave stone with mementoes, flowers, notes and other small items placed on it.|thumb|right|170px|Cortázar's grave in [[Montparnasse Cemetery]], Paris.]]
[[Michelangelo Antonioni]]'s film ''[[Blowup]]'' (1966) was inspired by Cortázar's story "Las babas del diablo", which in turn was based on a photograph taken by Chilean photographer [[Sergio Larraín]] during a shoot outside of [[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre Dame Cathedral]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.latercera.com/noticia/cultura/2012/02/1453-429366-9-fallece-sergio-larrain-el-mitico-fotografo-chileno-que-renuncio-al-mundo.shtml |title=Fallece Sergio Larraín, el mítico fotógrafo chileno que renunció al mundo &#124; Cultura |newspaper=La Tercera |date=24 January 2012 |access-date=9 February 2012 |archive-date=8 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208034441/http://latercera.com/noticia/cultura/2012/02/1453-429366-9-fallece-sergio-larrain-el-mitico-fotografo-chileno-que-renuncio-al-mundo.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cortázar also made a cameo appearance in Antonioni’s film, playing a homeless man who has his photograph taken by [[David Hemmings]]' character.<ref>{{cite web |last1=McGlone |first1=Neil |title=Seventy Years of Cannes: ''Blow-Up'' in 1967 |url=https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/4578-seventy-years-of-cannes-blow-up-in-1967 |website=Criterion|date=
May 23, 2017}}</ref> Cortázar's story "La autopista del sur" ("The Southern Thruway") influenced another film of the 1960s, [[Jean-Luc Godard]]'s ''[[Week End (1967 film)|Week End]]'' (1967).<ref>[[Jean Franco]], "Comic Stripping: Cortázar in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction", in ''Critical Passions: Selected Essays'', eds. Mary Louise Pratt and Kathleen Newman, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999, p. 416.</ref> The filmmaker [[Manuel Antín]] has directed three films based on Cortázar stories, ''Cartas de mamá'', ''Circe'' and ''Intimidad de los parques''.<ref>[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/suplementos/espectaculos/5-24666-2012-03-21.html “No hice otra cosa que plagiar a Cortázar”], Pagina 12, 21 March 2012.</ref>

Chilean novelist [[Roberto Bolaño]] cited Cortázar as a key influence on his novel ''[[The Savage Detectives]]'': "To say that I'm permanently indebted to the work of [[Borges]] and Cortázar is obvious."<ref>Roberto Bolaño, ''Between Parentheses: Essays, Articles, and Speeches, 1998–2003'', trans. Natasha Wimmer, New York: New Directions, 2011, 353.</ref>

Puerto Rican novelist [[Giannina Braschi]] used Cortázar's story "Las babas del diablo" as a springboard for the chapter called "Blow-up" in her bilingual novel ''[[Yo-Yo Boing!]]'' (1998), which features scenes with Cortázar's characters La Maga and Rocamadour.<ref>Debra A. Castillo, editor, Redreaming America: Toward a Bilingual American Culture, "Language Games," by Ilan Stavans, pp. 172–186, SUNY, New York, 2005.</ref> Cortázar is mentioned and spoken highly of in [[Rabih Alameddine]]'s 1998 novel, ''[[Koolaids: The Art of War]]''.

North American novelist [[Deena Metzger]] cites Cortázar as co-author of her novel ''Doors: A Fiction for Jazz Horn,''<ref>Deena Metzger, ''Doors: A Fiction for Jazz Horn'', Red Hen Press, Pasadena CA, 2004</ref> written twenty years after his death.

In [[Buenos Aires]], a school, a public library, and a square in the [[Palermo, Buenos Aires|Palermo]] neighbourhood carry Cortázar's name.

==Bibliography==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
'''Novels'''
*''Divertimento'' (1949, first published in 1986)
*''El examen'' ''(Final Exam)'' (1950, first published in 1985)
*''[[Los premios]]'' ''(The Winners)'' (1960)
*''[[Hopscotch (Julio Cortázar novel)|Rayuela]]'' ''(Hopscotch)'' (1963)
*''[[62: A Model Kit|62/modelo para armar]]'' ''(62: A Model Kit)'' (1968)
*''[[Libro de Manuel]]'' ''(A Manual for Manuel)'' (1973)

'''Short story collections'''
*''[[Bestiario]]'' (1951)
*''[[Final del juego]]'' ''(End of the Game)'' (1956)
*''[[Las armas secretas]]'' (1959)
*''[[Historias de cronopios y de famas]]'' ''(Cronopios and Famas)'' (1962)
*''[[Todos los fuegos el fuego]]'' ''(All Fires the Fire)'' (1966)
*''[[Blow-up and Other Stories]]'' (1968){{refn|group=lower-alpha|A compilation of stories from ''Bestiario'', ''Final del juego'', and ''Las armas secretas'' in English translation.}}
*''[[Octaedro]]'' (1974)
*''Alguien que anda por ahí'' (1977)
*''Un tal Lucas'' ''(A Certain Lucas)'' (1979)
*''Queremos tanto a Glenda'' ''(We Love Glenda So Much)'' (1980)
*''A Change of Light and Other Stories'' (1980){{refn|group=lower-alpha|Comprises all the stories appearing in ''Octaedro'', and all but one of the stories ("Usted se tendió a tu lado") that appear in ''Alguien que anda por ahí''.}}
*''Deshoras'' ''(Unreasonable Hours)'' (1982)
*''Bestiary: The Selected Stories of Julio Cortázar'' (2020)

'''Poetry'''
*''Presencia'' ''(Presence)'' (1938)
*''Salvo el crepúsculo'' ''(Save Twilight)'' (1997; expanded edition, City Lights, 2016)
*''Pameos y Meopas'' (1971)
{{col-2}}
'''Plays'''
*''Los reyes'' (1949)
*''Nada a Pehuajó - Adiós, Robinson'' (1949, Posthumous work)
*''Dos juegos de palabras'' (1991, Posthumous work)
*''Adiós, Robinson y otras piezas'' (1995, Posthumous work)

'''Other works'''
*''[[Around the Day in Eighty Worlds|La vuelta al día en ochenta mundos]]'' ''(Around the Day in Eighty Worlds)'' (1967)
*''[[Último round]]'' ''(Last Round)'' (1969)
*''[[Prosa del Observatorio]]'' ''(From the Observatory)'' (1972)
*''Territorios'' ''(Territories)'' (1978)
*''La Puñalada/ El tango de la vuelta'' ''(Stab)'' (1979) (with [[Pat Andrea]])<ref>{{cite web |title=La Puñalada/ El tango de la vuelta |url=https://librosdelzorrorojo.mitiendanube.com/productos/la-punalada-el-tango-de-la-vuelta/ |website=EZR |access-date=23 July 2020 |archive-date=22 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722194249/https://librosdelzorrorojo.mitiendanube.com/productos/la-punalada-el-tango-de-la-vuelta/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*''[[Los autonautas de la cosmopista]]'' ''(Autonauts of the Cosmoroute)'' (1983)
*''Nicaragua tan violentamente dulce'' ''(Nicaragua, So Violently Sweet)'' (1983)
*''Julio Cortázar: Al Término del Polvo y el Sudor'' (Biblioteca de Marcha, Montevideo, 1987){{refn|group=lower-alpha|Essays by and about Julio Cortázar.}}
*''Diario de Andrés Fava'' ''(Diary of Andrés Fava)'' (1995){{refn|group=lower-alpha|Companion book to ''El examen''.}}
*''Adiós Robinson'' ''(Goodbye, Robinson)'' (1995), radio text.
*''Imagen de John Keats'' ''(Image of John Keats)'' (1996)
*''Cartas'' ''(Letters)'' (Three volumes, 2000; expanded version in five volumes, 2012)
*''Papeles inesperados'' ''(Unexpected Papers)'' (2009)
*''Cartas a los Jonquières'' ''(Letters to the Jonquières)'' (2010)
*''Clases de literatura'' ''(Literature Class)'' (2013)

'''Graphic novel'''
*''[[Fantomas contra los vampiros multinacionales]]'' ''(Fantomas Versus the Multinational Vampires)'' (1975)

'''Translations'''
*''[[Robinson Crusoe]]'' by [[Daniel Defoe]] (1945)
*''[[Memoirs of a Midget]]'' by [[Walter de la Mare]] (1946)
*''[[The Immoralist]]'' by [[André Gide]] (1947)
*''[[Little Women ]]'' by [[Louisa May Alcott]](1951)
*''[[Mémoires d'Hadrien]]'' by [[Marguerite Yourcenar]] (1958)
*''[[Eureka: A Prose Poem]]'' by [[Edgar Allan Poe]] (1972)
{{col-2}}
{{col end}}

== Recording from the Library of Congress ==
* [https://www.loc.gov/item/93842552/ Julio Cortazar reading from his own work]

==Filmography==
* ''La Cifra Impar'', 1960. Feature film by [[Manuel Antín]], based on "Letters from Mother".
* ''Circe'', 1963. Feature film by Manuel Antín, based on "Circe". Script by Manuel Antin and Julio Cortázar.
* ''El Perseguidor'', 1963. Feature film by Osias Wilenski, based on "El perseguidor".
* ''Intimidad de los Parques'', 1965. Feature film by Manuel Antín.
* ''Blow Up'', 1966. Feature film by Michelangelo Antonioni, based on "Las Babas del diablo".
* ''Cortázar'', 1994. Documentary directed by Tristán Bauer.
* ''Cortázar, apuntes para un documental''. [[Contrakultura Films]], 2004. Directed by [[Eduardo Montes-Bradley]].
* {{YouTube|9IoYPIvMye4|''Graffiti''}}, 2005. Short movie based on Julio Cortázar's short story "Graffiti". Directed by Pako González.
* ''Graffiti'', 2006. Short movie based on Julio Cortázar's short story "Graffiti". Directed by Vano Burduli ''[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0947013/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1a][http://vimeo.com/25805971]''
* "[[:es:Mentiras piadosas (película de 2009)|Mentiras Piadosas]]" (released in English as ''Made Up Memories''), 2009. Feature film by Diego Sabanés, based on the short story "The Health of the Sick" and other short stories by Julio Cortázar.
* {{cite book|last1=Hareau|first1=Eliane|last2=Sclavo|first2=Lil|title=El traductor, artífice reflexivo|year=2018|location=Montevideo|isbn=978-9974-93-195-4|url=https://www.busqueda.com.uy/nota/ni-fieles-ni-traidoras-creadoras}}<!-- there is a chapter devoted to the translation of "Hopscotch" -->

==See also==
* [[État second]]
* [[Sophie Bohdan]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
=== English ===
* ''Julio Cortázar (Modern Critical Views)''. Bloom, Harold, 2005
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Schmidt-Cruz
| first1 = Cynthia
| title = Mothers, Lovers, and Others: the short stories of Julio Cortázar
| year = 2004
| publisher = State University of New York Press
| location = Albany, N.Y.
| isbn = 978-0-7914-5955-3
}}
* ''Julio Cortázar (Bloom's Major Short Story Writers)''. Bloom, Harold, 2004
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Weiss
| first1 = Jason
| title = The Lights of Home: a century of Latin American writers in Paris
| year = 2003
| publisher = Routledge
| location = New York
| isbn = 978-0-415-94013-9
}}
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Standish
| first1 = Peter
| title = Understanding Julio Cortázar (Understanding Modern European and Latin American Literature)
| year = 2001
| publisher = [[University of South Carolina Press]]
| isbn = 978-1-57003-390-2
}}
* ''Questions of the Liminal in the Fiction of Julio Cortázar''. Moran, Dominic, 2000
* ''Critical Essays on Julio Cortázar''. Alazraki, Jaime, 1999
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Alonso
| first1 = Carlos J.
| title = Julio Cortázar: new readings
| year = 1998
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| location = Cambridge, U.K.
| isbn = 978-0-521-45210-6
}}
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Stavans
| first1 = Ilan
| title = Julio Cortázar: a study of the short fiction
| year = 1996
| publisher = Twayne Publishers
| location = New York
| isbn = 0-8057-8293-1
}}
* ''The Politics of Style in the Fiction of Balzac, Beckett, and Cortázar''. Axelrod, Mark, 1992
* ''Writing at Risk: Interviews in Paris With Uncommon Writers''. Weiss, Jason, 1991
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Rodríguez-Luis
| first1 = Julio
| title = The Contemporary Praxis of the Fantastic: Borges and Cortázar
| year = 1991
| publisher = Garland
| location = New York
| isbn = 978-0-8153-0101-1
| url-access = registration
| url = https://archive.org/details/contemporaryprax0000rodr
}}
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Yovanovich
| first1 = Gordana
| title = Julio Cortázar's Character Mosaic: reading the longer fiction
| year = 1991
| publisher = [[University of Toronto Press]]
| location = Toronto
| isbn = 978-0-8020-5888-1
| url-access = registration
| url = https://archive.org/details/juliocortazarsch0000yova
}}
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Carter
| first1 = E. Eugene
| title = Julio Cortázar: Life, Work and Criticism
| year = 1986
| publisher = York Press
| location = Fredericton, Canada
| isbn = 978-0-919966-52-9
}}
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Peavler
| first1 = Terry J.
| title = Julio Cortázar
| year = 1990
| publisher = Twayne
| location = Boston
| isbn = 0-8057-8257-5
}}
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Boldy
| first1 = Steven
| title = The Novels of Julio Cortázar
| year = 1980
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| location = Cambridge
| isbn = 978-0-521-23097-1
}}

=== Spanish ===
* ''Y el hombre dio su vuelta en ochenta mundos... (Homenaje a Julio Cortázar) (1914-2014)'', [[Luis Aguilar-Monsalve]], (2015)
* ''Julio Cortázar. Una biografía revisada''. Miguel Herráez, 2011
* ''Discurso del Oso''. children's book illustrated by Emilio Urberuaga, Libros del Zorro Rojo, 2008
*{{Cite book
  | last = Montes-Bradley
  | first = Eduardo
  | title = Cortázar sin barba
  | publisher = Random House Mondadori
  | year = 2005
  | location = [[Madrid]]
  | pages = 394 Hard Cover
  | isbn = 84-8306-603-3}}
* ''Imagen de Julio Cortázar''. Claudio Eduardo Martyniuk, 2004
* ''Julio Cortázar desde tres perspectivas''. Luisa Valenzuela, 2002
* ''Otra flor amarilla: antología: homenaje a Julio Cortázar''. Universidad de Guadalajara, 2002
* ''Julio Cortázar''. [[Cristina Peri Rossi]], 2000
* ''Julio Cortázar''. Alberto Cousté, 2001
* ''Julio Cortázar. La biografía''. Mario Goloboff, 1998
* ''La mirada recíproca: estudios sobre los últimos cuentos de Julio Cortázar''. Peter Fröhlicher, 1995
* ''Hacia Cortázar: aproximaciones a su obra''. Jaime Alazraki, 1994
* ''Julio Cortázar: mundos y modos''. Saúl Yurkiévich, 1994
* ''Tiempo sagrado y tiempo profano en Borges y Cortázar''. Zheyla Henriksen, 1992
* ''Cortázar: el romántico en su observatorio''. Rosario Ferré, 1991
* ''Lo neofantástico en Julio Cortázar''. Julia G Cruz, 1988
* ''Los Ochenta mundos de Cortázar: ensayos''. Fernando Burgos, 1987
* ''En busca del unicornio: los cuentos de Julio Cortázar''. Jaime Alazraki, 1983
* ''Teoría y práctica del cuento en los relatos de Cortázar''. Carmen de Mora Valcárcel, 1982
* ''Julio Cortázar''. Pedro Lastra, 1981
* ''Cortázar: metafísica y erotismo''. Antonio Planells, 1979
* ''Es Julio Cortázar un surrealista?''. Evelyn Picon Garfield, 1975
* ''Estudios sobre los cuentos de Julio Cortázar''. David Lagmanovich, 1975
* ''Cortázar y Carpentier''. [[Mercedes Rein]], 1974
* ''Los mundos de Julio Cortázar''. Malva E Filer, 1970
* {{cite book|last1=Hareau|first1=Eliane|last2=Sclavo|first2=Lil|title=El traductor, artífice reflexivo|year=2018|location=Montevideo|isbn=978-9974-93-195-4|url=https://www.busqueda.com.uy/nota/ni-fieles-ni-traidoras-creadoras}}<!-- there is a chapter devoted to the translation of "Hopscotch" -->

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{OL author|OL3113272A}}
* {{cite journal| url=http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/2955/the-art-of-fiction-no-83-julio-cortazar| title=Julio Cortazar, The Art of Fiction No. 83| journal=Paris Review| volume=Fall 1984| issue=93| date=Fall 1984| author=Jason Weiss }}
* {{Books and Writers |id=cortaz |name=Julio Cortázar}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100720225942/http://diglib.princeton.edu/ead/getEad?eadid=C0888&kw=American%20literature Julio Cortázar Collection (Finding Aid)] – Princeton University Library Manuscripts Division
* [https://txarchives.org/utlac/finding_aids/00077.xml Julio Cortázar Literary Manuscripts, 1943-1982] - Benson Latin American Collection
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110402001329/http://www.yementimes.com/defaultdet.aspx?SUB_ID=25158 Julio Cortázar: An Argentinean Master of Anti-novel and Experimental Literature]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101023082453/http://www.kronhela.com.ar/jc/ Books and texts written by Julio Cortázar]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110121232918/http://www.guernicamag.com/poetry/2269/cortazar_1_15_11/ A translated excerpt from ''Prose from the Observatory'']
* [http://escritorasunidas.blogspot.com/2011/08/julio-cortazar-en-mi-corazon-america.html Julio Cortázar interview 1979]
* [http://www.artdiscover.com/en/artists/julio-cortazar-id1638?SUB_ID=25158 Julio Cortázar Artist bio and exhibitions on ArtDiscover] 
* [http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/26422 Julio Cortázar lee fragmentos de su obra] (In Spanish)
* [http://www.hugopassarello.com/rayuela/rayuela_en.html Julio Cortázar, his readers and Paris. Photo Essay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825185547/http://www.hugopassarello.com/rayuela/rayuela_en.html |date=25 August 2014 }}
* [http://www.march.es/bibliotecas/repositorio-cortazar/?l=2 The Library of Julio Cortázar] Virtual visit to his private library.(in English and Spanish)
* [https://www.loc.gov/item/93842552/ Julio Cortazar recorded at the Library of Congress for the Hispanic Division’s audio literary archive on November 20, 1975]

{{Julio Cortázar}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cortazar, Julio}}
[[Category:Julio Cortázar| ]]
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