View source for Serbian comics

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox comics nationality
|converted=y
|date = Late 19th century
|notable publishers =[[Politika]], [[Dečje novine]], [[Borba (newspaper)|Borba]], Forum, [[Dnevnik (Serbia)|Dnevnik]]
|notable titles     =''Mika Miš'', ''[[Politikin Zabavnik]]'', ''Kekec'', ''Nikad robom'', ''YU strip'', ''Stripoteka''
|notable people =[[Đorđe Lobačev]], [[Branislav Kerac]], [[Zoran Janjetov]]
|notable series =
|notable characters =[[Zigomar (comics)|Zigomar]], [[Dikan]], [[Mirko and Slavko]], [[Kobra (comic book)|Kobra]], [[Cat Claw]]
|lang1      = [[Serbian language|Serbian]]
|related1   = [[European comics]]
}}
{{Comics navbar}}
{{Culture of Serbia}}
'''Serbian comics''' are [[comics]] produced in [[Serbia]]. Comics are called ''stripovi'' in [[Serbian language|Serbian]] (singular ''strip'') and come in all shapes and sizes, merging influences from [[American comic book|American comics]] to [[Franco-Belgian comics|bandes dessinées]].

Comics started developing in Serbia in the late 19th century, mostly in [[Humor magazine|humor]] and [[Children's literature|children's magazines]]. From the 1920s to the end of the 1980s, Serbian comics were part of the larger [[Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] comics scene; a large number of titles was published from 1932 to 1991, mainly in [[Serbo-Croatian language]]. After [[Yugoslav Wars|the breakup of Yugoslavia]] and the crisis in the 1990s, Serbian comics have experienced a revival.

== History ==
=== "The Golden Age" (1932–1941) ===
{{Quote box |quoted=true |bgcolor=#FFFFF0 |salign=center|quote=When we started out, nobody thought how it’d all turn out, or what it’d become. How far we’d come! Simply put, we liked the new medium, although nobody realized it was a new medium.|source=- [[Đorđe Lobačev]], 1985|align=left|width=33%}}

[[File:Zigomarcomics.jpg|left|thumb|''[[Zigomar (comics)|Zigomar]]'', created by artist Nikola Navojev and writer Branko Vidić and heavily influenced by foreign [[masked hero]] comics, is considered one of the most notable titles of the "Golden Age of Serbian Comics".]]

In 1932 ''Veseli četvrtak'' (''Merry Thursday''), an illustrated magazine for children, appeared in [[Belgrade]]; an unusually large amount of space was allotted to [[cartoon]]s. The magazine featured foreign works such as ''[[The Katzenjammer Kids]]'' and ''[[Felix the Cat]]'', but also ''Doživljaji Mike Miša'' (''The Adventures of Mika the Mouse''), a [[Mickey Mouse]] [[pastiche]] by Serbian authors. Other [[Weekly newspaper|weeklies]] and dailies such as ''Vreme'' and ''Pravda'' followed suit.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.blic.rs/kultura/vesti/tri-generacije-srpskih-strip-autora-u-francuskom-institutu-od-djorda-lobaceva-do/c0f9mfd|title=Tri generacije srpskih strip autora u Francuskom institutu, od Đorđa Lobačeva do Alekse Gajića|date=2015-11-27|language=sr-SP|access-date=2016-07-17}}</ref> In 1934, one whole page of ''[[Politika]]'' newspaper was devoted to ''[[Secret Agent X-9]]''. In addition to adventure comics, [[Walt Disney]]'s [[cartoon animal]]s were also popular at the time, especially Mickey Mouse, whose name would be used in the titles of a number of Yugoslav comic publications: ''Mika Miš'', ''Mikijeve novine'' (''Mickey's Newspapers''), ''Mikijevo carstvo'' (''Mickey's Realm''). An editor named Dušan Timotijević named the new art form "strip", after English "[[comic strip]]".

In 1934, the first two specialized [[comic magazine]]s appeared - ''Strip'' and ''Crtani film'' (''Cartoon''). Their appearance and content were influenced by the Italian magazines ''[[Topolino]]'', ''[[L'Audace]]'' and ''[[L'Avventuroso]]'', as well as French magazines ''[[Le Journal de Mickey]]'' and ''Hop-là!''. [[White émigré|Russian immigrant]] Nikola Navojev debuted in the pages of ''Strip'' with his works. Although he died at the age of 27,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/n/navojev_nikola.htm|title=Nikola Navojev|website=lambiek.net|access-date=2016-07-15}}</ref> Navojev was a prolific author who created a number of characters for Strip, of which [[Jungle girl (stock character)|jungle girl]] Tarcaneta (''Tarzanette'') is best-known today.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=475877|title=Srpska ''pin-up'' divljakuša|access-date=2016-07-15}}</ref> In 1935, inspired by the adventures of [[Alex Raymond]]'s X-9, Vlastimir Belkić created the first original character in Serbian comics named Hari Vils.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/belkic_vlastimir.htm|title=Vlastimir Belkic|website=lambiek.net|access-date=2016-07-18}}</ref> Similarly, other two Russian immigrants, artist [[Đorđe Lobačev]] and writer Vadim Kurganski, began working on their first comic, called ''Krvavo nasledstvo'' (''Bloody Heritage''), serialized in the illustrated periodical ''Panorama''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/l/lobacev_djordje.htm|title=Djordje Lobacev|website=lambiek.net|access-date=2016-07-15}}</ref> Not only was it the first successful modern comic produced in Serbia, but also the first title set in Yugoslavia.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Tragom narodne mašte|last=Lobačev|first=Đorđe|publisher=Dečje novine|year=1989}}</ref>

[[File:Gospodar smrti.jpg|right|thumb|''[[Master of Death]]'', drawn by Đorđe Lobačev and published in ''Mikijevo carstvo'', is one of the most notable titles of the "Golden Age of Serbian comics". Published on the eve of World War II, ''Master of Death'' carried a strong anti-war message.]]

Most of the Golden Age artists were Russian immigrants, collectively known as the Belgrade Circle and gathered at first around the ''Mika Miš'' magazine. Soon enough it was transformed into a real comic magazine, reprinting foreign classics like ''[[Prince Valiant]]'', [[Phantom (comics)|''Phantom'']] and ''[[Flash Gordon]]'', but also publishing comics by the local authors. ''Mika Miš'' lasted from 1936 to 1941, when it ended with issue 505.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wolfstad.com/dcw/serbia-and-montenegro/mika-mis-1936-1941/|title=Mika Mis (1936 - 1941) by Aleksandar J. Ivkovic < Serbia and Montenegro @ Disney Comics Worldwide|website=wolfstad.com|access-date=2016-07-20}}</ref> Its domination would not be questioned until 1939 and the emergence of ''Mikijevo carstvo'' and ''[[Politikin Zabavnik]]''. The key figures behind all three publications were editors Aleksandar J. Ivković and Milutin Ignjačević.<ref name=":0" /> From 1935 to 1941 about twenty comic magazines were launched in Serbia, published weekly and bi-weekly, mostly in black-and-white. They were sold throughout Yugoslavia. In order to boost sales in the western parts of Yugoslavia (today's [[Croatia]] and [[Slovenia]]), some publications were printed not only in the [[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|Serbian Cyrillic]] but also [[Latin alphabet]]. Comics were distributed through [[convenience store]]s, [[Newsagent's shop|newsstands]] and [[Newspaper hawker|newsboys]], with an average print run of 10,000 - 30,000 copies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rastko.rs/strip/zzupan-golden_age.html|title=[Projekat Rastko] Zdravko Zupan: The Golden Age of Serbian Comics|website=rastko.rs|access-date=2016-07-15}}</ref>

The notable works were inspired by cultural classics and [[Serbian folklore]]. The shortlist includes Ivan Šenšin's ''Hrabri vojnik Švejk'' (an adaptation of [[Jaroslav Hašek]]'s novel ''[[The Good Soldier Švejk]]'') and ''Zvonar Bogorodičine crkve'' (an adaptation of [[Victor Hugo]]'s novel ''[[The Hunchback of Notre-Dame]]''), Sergej Solovjev's ''Carev štitonoša'' (''Emperor's Squire''), ''Robin Hud'' (''[[Robin Hood]]'') and ''Ajvanho'' (an adaptation of [[Walter Scott]]'s ''[[Ivanhoe]]''), Lobačev's ''[[Master Death]]'', ''Baron Minhauzen'' (an adaptation of [[Rudolf Erich Raspe]]'s ''[[Baron Munchausen|The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen]]'') and ''Biberče'' (''Pepper-Boy'', based on the Serbian folk [[fairytale]] of the same name), Konstantin Kuznjecov's ''Grofica Margo'' (''Countess Margo'') and ''Bajka o caru Saltanu'' (an adaptation of [[Alexander Pushkin]]'s [[poem]] ''[[The Tale of Tsar Saltan]]''). Unlike most of his contemporaries, Sebastijan Lechner also wrote his own scripts, such as ''Džarto''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/l/lehner_sebastijan.htm|title=Sebastijan Lechner|website=lambiek.net|access-date=2016-07-15}}</ref> Similarly, Navojev teamed up with [[Script (comics)|comics writer]] Branko Vidić to create [[Zigomar (comics)|''Zigomar'']]. Some of the titles were reprinted in French and Turkish magazines,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kayaozkaracalar.blogspot.com/2008/12/yugoslavian-comics-in-turkey-part-1.html|title=The MysterIous Flame of Queen Loana: YUGOSLAVIAN COMICS IN TURKEY - PART 1: COUNTESS MARGO|last=Özkaracalar|first=Kaya|date=2008-12-23|website=The MysterIous Flame of Queen Loana|access-date=2016-07-28}}</ref> while ''Zigomar'' was also published in Bulgaria, Italy, Brazil, Argentina and more recently in Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.phantomwiki.org/Zigomar_vs._The_Phantom#Reprints|title=Zigomar vs. The Phantom - PhantomWiki|website=phantomwiki.org|access-date=2016-07-15}}</ref>

Other creators of "the first generation" included Vsevold Guljevič, Aleksije Ranhner, Đorđe Janković, Moma Marković, Marijan Ebner, Vojin Đorđević, Nikola Tiščenko, Dragan Savić and Đorđe Mali. Lobačev's brother-in-law Valerian Apuhtin became the first professional [[letterer]] in Serbia. Another young artist at the time, Živorad Mitrović would revisit this period in his 1982 film ''Savamala''.<ref>{{Citation|last=Mitrovic|first=Zivorad 'Zika'|title=Savamala|date=2000-01-01|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0173169/|access-date=2016-07-20}}</ref>

The Golden Age of Serbian comics ended with the Nazi [[invasion of Yugoslavia]] in 1941. After [[World War II]] some authors were executed as [[Collaborationism|collaborators]] by [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia|the new communist regime]] or forced to [[Emigration|emigrate]] because of their work in collaborationist newspapers or on propaganda posters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/k/kockar_vljko.htm|title=Veljko Kockar|website=lambiek.net|access-date=2016-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/s/sensin_ivan.htm|title=Ivan Sensin|website=lambiek.net|access-date=2016-07-15}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/k/kuznjecov_k.htm|title=Konstantin Kuznjecov|website=lambiek.net|access-date=2016-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/s/solovjev_sergej.htm|title=Sergej Solovjev|website=lambiek.net|access-date=2016-07-15}}</ref> The 2018 [[documentary film]] ''The Final Adventure of Kaktus Kid'' explores one such fate, the one of the less known artist Veljko Kockar.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9657530/ ''The Final Adventure of Kaktus Kid'' on IMDb]</ref>

=== 1945–1990 ===
After World War II, the communist government considered comics a decadent product of the [[Western world#Cold War context|West]], therefore worthless and even harmful for children. In 1946 [[State-controlled media|state-owned]] daily newspaper ''[[Borba (newspaper)|Borba]]'' criticized comics as "[[black market]] [[ersatz good]]s".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stripvesti.com/spec/knjiga/borba1.htm|title=index|website=stripvesti.com|access-date=2016-07-19}}</ref> For years to come, comics would be discouraged or outright banned. New magazines like ''Tri ugursuza'' (''Three Rowdies'', the Yugoslav title of ''[[Les Pieds Nickelés]]'') and ''Vrabac'' (''The Sparrow'') were short-lived, although comic strips and cartoons survived in the humor magazines ''Jež'' (''Hedgehog'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=392855|title=Oslobođenje i cenzura|access-date=2016-07-17}}</ref> and ''Mali Jež'' (''Little Hedgehog''), where Milorad Dobrić and Dejan Nastić published in the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/d/dobric_milorad.htm|title=Milorad Dobric|website=lambiek.net|access-date=2016-07-21}}</ref>

The outlook changed after the [[Tito–Stalin Split|Tito-Stalin Split]] in 1948. In 1951 Walt Disney's comics returned to Serbia's newspapers. In 1952 ''Politikin Zabavnik'' was revived, boasting a circulation of 450,000 in the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=369528|title=Formula udrobljenog sadržaja|access-date=2016-07-18}}</ref> (The magazine is still published, having reached its 3000th issue in 2009.)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://politikin-zabavnik.co.rs/pz/tekstovi/na-rodjendan-pitinog-deteta|title=Broj 3000 {{!}} Politikin Zabavnik|website=politikin-zabavnik.co.rs|access-date=2016-07-17}}</ref> Lobačev was welcomed back to the pages of ''Zabavnik'' in 1965. However, it would publish few local comics until Lazo Sredanović's ''[[Dikan]]'' in 1969.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=1129271|title=Buzdovan i meko srce|access-date=2016-07-17}}</ref>

[[File:Dikan strip junak.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Dikan]]'' by Lazo Sredanović was commissioned by ''[[Politikin Zabavnik]]'' and modeled after ''[[Asterix]]''.]]

Nevertheless, back in the 1950s comic magazines like ''Robinzon'' (''[[Robinson Crusoe|Robinson]]'') and ''Veseli zabavnik'' were still censored, but even the [[Yugoslav People's Army]] started publishing some.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rastko.rs/strip/1/strip-u-srbiji-1955-1972/index_l.html|title=[Projekat Rastko] Zdravko Zupan: Strip u Srbiji 1955-1972.|website=rastko.rs|access-date=2016-07-17}}</ref> Although Zdravko Sulić began his career in such a publication, most of his works would be published in the magazine ''Kekec''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/s/sulic_zdravko.htm|title=Zdravko Sulic|website=lambiek.net|access-date=2016-07-21}}</ref> It was launched by [[Borba (newspaper)|Borba]] in 1957, featuring French comics such as ''[[Lucky Luke]]'', [[The Smurfs|''Smurfs'']] and ''[[Chlorophylle]]'', but also domestic titles, including the works of "the second generation" of creators, like Aleksandar Hecl of ''Vinetu'' (''[[Winnetou]]'') fame.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/h/hecl_aleksandar.htm|title=Aleksandar Hecl|website=lambiek.net|access-date=2016-07-17}}</ref> The first [[CMYK color model|four-color]] publication, ''Kekec'' reached the print run of 300,000 copies.<ref name=":2" /> It lasted for 1,532 issues and ended in 1990.

1957 also saw teachers from the small town of [[Gornji Milanovac]] launch [[student newspaper]] ''[[Dečje novine]]'', which grew into a major publisher. Their most successful characters were [[Mirko and Slavko]], heroes of the [[eponym]]ous [[comic book]]. In the 1960s the adventures of the two [[Yugoslav Partisans|Partisans]] peaked at 200,000 copies per issue. To date, it is the only Yugoslav comic adapted into a [[live action]] movie.<ref>Marković, Đorđe (2012). SFRJ za početnike. Delta Video.</ref> The title was serialized in the ''Nikad robom'' comic book series, which also printed works by Petar Radičević (''Mystery Knight''), Radivoj Bogičević (''Akant''), Božidar Veselinović (''Dabiša'') and Živorad Atanacković (''Hajduk Veljko''), all inspired by the history of the [[South Slavs]]. The same publisher launched a number of other magazines, including ''Zenit'' and ''Biblioteka Lale'' (which first reprinted [[Marvel Comics|Marvel comics]] in Yugoslavia) and ''Eks almanah'' (which introduced [[DC Comics|DC]] [[superhero]]es, among others).

[[File:Cover to YU strip issue 31, featuring Kobra, art by Branislav Kerac.jpg|left|thumb|''YU strip'' magazine cover, featuring ''[[Kobra (comic book)|Kobra]]'' by [[Branislav Kerac]], a comic which merged influences from [[Action film|action movies]] to [[Franco-Belgian comics|bandes dessinées]].]]
Starting as an ''Eks'' [[spin-off (media)|spin-off]] in 1977, the ''YU strip'' magazine turned to be the seminal publication for Serbian authors. Teamed up with writer [[Svetozar Obradović]], [[Branislav Kerac]] had already debuted with ''Lieutenant Tara'' in the ''Zlatni kliker'' magazine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bkerac.tripod.com/artist.htm|title=Comix Drawer|website=bkerac.tripod.com|access-date=2016-07-17}}</ref> The duo went on to create [[Kobra (comic book)|''Kobra'']], the most popular Yugoslav comic of the 1980s. Kerac's super-heroine [[Cat Claw]] reached even greater success abroad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/k/kerac_bane.htm|title=Bane Kerac|website=lambiek.net|access-date=2016-07-17}}</ref> A number of local creators ([[Zoran Janjetov]], [[R. M. Guéra|R.M. Guera]], [[Darko Perović]], [[Zoran Tucić]], [[Vujadin Radovanović]], [[Željko Pahek]], Dejan Nenadov, [[Vladimir Krstić - Laci|Vladimir Krstić]] and many others) published their early stories in ''YU strip'' before they went on to work for foreign publishers. The magazine lasted for 85 issues and ended in 1987.

By the late 1970s, the scene rebounded after the blow it had suffered from the 1972 tax law<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=429075|title=Mirko, Slavko i Kekec|access-date=2016-07-21}}</ref> which targeted not only the [[Yellow journalism|yellow press]] but also comics. From 1971 to 1981, 11,611 issues of comics and [[Pulp magazine|pulp novels]] were printed in Yugoslavia, a total of 717 million copies in the country of 22 million people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yugopapir.com/2015/01/fenomen-popularnosti-stripa-u.html|title=Yugopapir: Fenomen popularnosti stripa: U Jugoslaviji je od 1971 - 81. prodato 716 miliona primeraka|website=yugopapir.com|access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref>

Meanwhile, the [[Student publication|student press]] welcomed [[comics studies]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stripvesti.com/arhiva/sv-194.htm#djukanovic|title=SVesti|website=stripvesti.com|access-date=2016-07-18}}</ref> and [[alternative comics]] of "the third generation",<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kljakić|first=Ljubomir|year=1979|title=Quo vadis treća generacijo?|journal="Vidici" Br. 2}}</ref> inspired by ''[[Métal hurlant]]''. The ''Pegaz'' magazine was another publication that nurtured comics theory; it was also where the award-winning  ''Svemironi'' strip by Lazar Stanojević premiered in 1975.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rastko.rs/strip/lstanojevic/lstanojevic-svemironi.html|title=[Projekat Rastko] Lazar Stanojevic: svemironi|website=rastko.rs|access-date=2016-07-21}}</ref>

In addition, comic groups like Belgrade Circle 2 and Bauhaus 7 appeared, comic album was introduced as a new format, and the first [[Animated cartoon|animated short]] based on a comic was filmed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ljubac.rs/|title=LJUBOMIR MILOJEVIĆ LJUBAC - HOME|website=ljubac.rs|access-date=2016-07-30}}</ref> The mass media embraced comics insomuch that the [[Radio Television of Serbia|national television]] produced an educational series on the medium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rts.rs/page/tv/sr/story/255/rts-3/1526747/stripomanija-1-6.html|title=Stripomanija, 1-6|last=Serbia|first=RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of|access-date=2016-07-30}}</ref>

Another new trend was the emergence of comic publishers in [[Novi Sad]]. Published by Forum, in 1969 ''Panorama'' was transformed into ''Stripoteka'', which reached issue 1000 in 2004<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://happynovisad.com/strip/stripoteka-broj-1000.270.html|title=STRIPOTEKA broj 1000!|access-date=2016-07-20}}</ref> and lasted until 2019. Since 1953 daily [[Dnevnik (Novi Sad)|Dnevnik]] carried American as well as local authors, such as Ozren Bačić. In 1968 Dnevnik launched ''Zlatna serija'' and ''Lunov magnus strip'', featuring [[Italian comics|Italian comic books]] such as [[Tex Willer|''Tex'']] and ''[[Zagor (comics)|Zagor]]''. In the 1980s Kerac spearheaded teams of writers and artists working on [[Licensed production|licensed]] [[Tarzan (comics)|Tarzan]] and [[Il Grande Blek|Blek]] comics for those two publishers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Branislav Kerac crta Tarzana za ceo svet: Bolje je biti dobar crtač stripova - nego loš zubar! (1982) |url=http://www.yugopapir.com/2015/12/branislav-kerac-crta-tarzana-za-ceo.html |access-date=2023-06-28}}</ref> The list included artists [[Branko Plavšić]], Goran Đukić, Miodrag Ivanović, Pavel Koza, Marinko Lebović, [[Petar Meseldžija]], Milan Miletić, [[Sibin Slavković]] and Dragan Stokić Rajački.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ERBzine 5850: YU Tarzan No 43 (Kraljica Opara) |url=https://www.erbzine.com/mag58/5850.html |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=www.erbzine.com}}</ref> The [[Ninja (comic book)|Ninja]] and [[Mitar Milošević|Lun kralj ponoći]] comics were similarly manufactured, but were based on the Yugoslav pulp novels of the same names. A frequent contributor was Miodrag Milanović, a prolific author who also co-created series such as ''Izvidnik Rod'', ''Larami, Franjo Kluz, El Vertigo'' and ''Barba Plima''.

Until 1991 Serbian comics were part of Yugoslav comics. Distributed via newsstands, most comics were sold throughout Yugoslavia, written by and large in the common [[Shtokavian]] dialect and often printed in the Latin alphabet. Publications from other republics, especially Croatia, from Plavi Vjesnik to ''[[Alan Ford (comics)|Alan Ford]]'', had a great influence on creators and readers in Serbia. A [[Play (theatre)|play]] titled ''Alan Ford'' written by Mirjana Lazić and directed by Kokan Mladenović was staged at Teatar T in Belgrade in 1994 and [[Radio Belgrade]] produced a [[radio drama]] based on the play in 2002. Also, authors worked for publishers outside Serbia, e.g. artists Dušan Reljić, Bojan Đukić, Ratomir Petrović, [[Zdravko Zupan]], [[Nikola Maslovara]], Zoran Kovačević and Askanio Popović,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-27 |title=Strip vesti |url=https://www.stripvesti.com/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727231614/https://www.stripvesti.com/ |archive-date=27 July 2024 }}</ref> as well as writer Lazar Odanović collaborated on the licensed [[Tom and Jerry]] comics for ''[[Vjesnik]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rastko.rs/strip/60godina/60gstripa_10.html|title=Slobodan Ivkov: 60 godina stripa u Srbiji|website=rastko.rs|access-date=2016-07-24}}</ref> Finally, artists exhibited at the joint Yugoslav Comics Festival in [[Vinkovci]] (Salon jugoslovenskog stripa) and exhibits such as "Comics in Yugoslavia 1866 – 1986" in Paris.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D. |date=2023-01-30 |title=Kako i kada su svoje "francuske" karijere započeli Igor Kordej, Zoran Janjetov i Boro Pavlović, te koja je tu zasluga pariškog nakladnika "Les Humanoides Associes" ?! |url=https://www.mojstrip.eu/naslovnica/kako-i-kada-su-svoje-francuske-karijere-zapoceli-igor-kordej-zoran-janjetov-i-boro-pavlovic-te-koja-je-tu-zasluga-pariskog-nakladnika-les-humanoides-associes/ |access-date=2023-12-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The local comic book industry collapsed with the breakup of Yugoslavia.

=== 1991–present ===

[[File:Treci_argument_cover.jpg|thumb|left|Graphic novel ''Treći argument'' (''[[The Third Argument]]''), drawn by Zoran Tucić and written by [[Zoran Stefanović]], was based on the works of writer [[Milorad Pavić]].]]In the 1990s dozens of Serbian artists turned to foreign publishers. After ''Bernard Panasonik,'' Zoran Janjetov was chosen to work on ''Before the Incal'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/j/janjetov_z.htm|title=Zoran Janjetov|website=lambiek.net|access-date=2016-07-28}}</ref> a prequel to [[The Incal|the original series]] by [[Jean Giraud|Moebius]] and [[Alejandro Jodorowsky|Jodorowsky]]. In 1998 Janjetov would go on to draw ''[[The Technopriests]]''. Darko Perović collaborated with writer [[Enrique Sánchez Abulí|Enrique Abuli]] before he started working on ''[[Magico Vento]]'' (written by [[Gianfranco Manfredi]]) for [[Sergio Bonelli Editore]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/p/perovic_darko.htm|title=Darko Perovic|website=lambiek.net|access-date=2016-07-28}}</ref> In 1998 [[Aleksa Gajić]] graduated with ''[[Technotise]]'' ([[graphic novel]] written by Darko Grkinić) from the [[University of Arts in Belgrade]] and went on to work for [[Soleil Productions]] as the illustrator on ''Scourge of the Gods''. In 2009 he would revisit those characters in his ''[[Technotise: Edit & I]]'' [[animated feature film]], first of its kind in Serbia.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/v/vesovic_vladimir.htm|title=Vladimir Vesovic|website=lambiek.net|access-date=2016-07-28}}</ref> R.M. Guerra worked in Europe for years<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/g/guera_rm.htm|title=R. M. Guéra|website=lambiek.net|access-date=2016-07-28}}</ref> before illustrating [[Jason Aaron]]'s ''[[Scalped (comics)|Scalped]]'' for DC Comics' [[Imprint (trade name)|imprint]] [[Vertigo (DC Comics)|Vertigo]] in 2007. Željko Pahek and Zoran Tucić published in [[Heavy Metal (magazine)|''Heavy Metal'']] and other magazines abroad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/p/pahek-zeljko.htm|title=Zeljko Pahek|website=lambiek.net|access-date=2016-07-28}}</ref>

Back home, enthusiasts kept the scene alive. First [[Direct market|comic book stores]] were opened<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alanford.co.rs/o_nama/index.php|title=Alan Ford Knjizara|website=alanford.co.rs|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> and [[comic book convention]]s organized.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.danas.rs/kultura.11.html?news_id=322431|title=Balkanska smotra stripa|website=Dnevni list Danas|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> A co-founder of the [[International Comics Festival "Salon stripa"|International Comics Festival in Belgrade]] and teacher at the "Đorđe Lobačev" comics school, artist Vladimir Vesović launched ''Tron'' in 1992<ref name=":3" /> and ''Stripmania'' in 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ilijada.blogspot.com/search?q=mania|title=I L I J A D A: Резултати претраживања за mania|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> The former also carried comics by local creators, such as ''Swindle'' by Đorđe Milosavljević and Miroljub Milutinović Brada, which was adapted for television in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://superstartv.rs/serije/svindleri/|title=Švindleri|date=2019-11-29|website=SUPERSTAR TV|language=sr-RS|access-date=2020-01-24}}</ref> The latter was printed by Luxor Comics, a publishing house owned by [[Milan Konjević]], who also wrote and published ''[[Generation Tesla]]'' and ''Twilight Fighters'' in 1995, as well as ''Factor 4'' and ''Wild Magic'' in 2006, all titles drawn by Serbian artists. Before he started working for [[Dupuis]], artist Milan Jovanović (of ''Carthago'' and ''Jason Brice'' fame) teamed up with Croatian writer [[Darko Macan]] to produce ''La Bête Noire'' in 2002;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/j/jovanovic_milan.htm|title=Milan Jovanovic|website=lambiek.net|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> the five-part series was published by Zlatko Milenković, editor of the pioneering ''Strip vesti'' [[web portal]], and reprinted in France in 2018 by Inukshuk Éditions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=MAGNERON|first=Philippe|title=La bête noire - BD, informations, cotes|url=https://www.bedetheque.com/serie-61950-BD-Bete-noire.html|access-date=2021-03-14|website=www.bedetheque.com|language=fr}}</ref> 2007 saw two more series appear; writer Marko Stojanović with a team of artists launched ''Vekovnici'' (''Endless''),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.systemcomics.com/web/content/view/83/99/|title=System Comics, Beograd - Vekovnici - autori|last=Stevanovic|first=Zoran|website=systemcomics.com|access-date=2016-07-28}}</ref> while Vladimir Tadić created ''Zabava za celu porodicu'' (''Fun for the Whole Family'') with a different artistic team.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stripovi.com/enciklopedija/strip/zzcp/zabava-za-celu-porodicu/|title=Zabava za celu porodicu - Enciklopedija - www.stripovi.com - Prozor u svijet stripa|website=stripovi.com|access-date=2016-07-28}}</ref> In a category of his own, award-winning illustrator<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.modestycomics.com/authors-a-m/djordje-milovic/|title=Modesty Comics - Djordje Milovic|website=modestycomics.com|access-date=2016-07-29}}</ref> Đorđe Milović continues to create his ''Stories about the Clay''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stripvesti.com/autori/milovic/index.htm|title=index|website=stripvesti.com|access-date=2016-07-29}}</ref> Forum's successor Marketprint revamped ''Stripoteka'' after an eight-year break in 1999<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stripoteka-trigger.blogspot.com/p/1000-brojeva-stripoteke.html|title=Stripoteka: Stripoteka 1000|website=stripoteka-trigger.blogspot.com|access-date=2016-07-31}}</ref> and introduced ''[[Akira (manga)|Akira]]'' in 2002'',''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stripvesti.com/arhiva/sv-169.htm#marketprint|title=SVesti|website=stripvesti.com|access-date=2016-07-31}}</ref> officially the first [[manga]] title in Serbia. However, the circulations were low and the newsstand editions struggled to find their feet.

Meanwhile, the [[Underground comix|underground comics]] experienced an unprecedented boom. Aleksandar Rakezić alias [[Aleksandar Zograf]], author of ''Life Under Sanctions'' ([[Fantagraphics Books]], 1994), had laid the groundwork as a pioneer of comic [[fanzine]]s in the 1980s. A decade later, authors like Danilo Milošev Wostok, Saša Mihajlović, Danijel Savović, Radovan Popović, Nikola Vitković, Lazar Bodroža and many others gathered around self-published editions and managed to create original and authentic works.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Nevidljivi strip|last=Sekulić|first=Aleksandra|publisher=Narodna biblioteka Srbije|year=2011|isbn=978-86-7035-231-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://floatingworldcomics.com/archives/80|title=Oct. 2nd – ON THE MARGINS: NEW COMIX FROM CROATIA AND SERBIA {{!}} Floating World Comics|website=floatingworldcomics.com|access-date=2016-07-28|date=Sep 2008}}</ref> For the first time since the late 1980s, a comic was censored in Serbia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stripvesti.com/spec/pavle/pavle.htm|title=index|website=stripvesti.com|access-date=2016-07-30}}</ref> Twenty years later, a Belgrade exhibit was vandalized by masked hooligans while the Ministry of Culture stated it "belonged to the underground of human spirit",<ref>{{Cite web|title=Serbian Ministry of Culture|url=https://www.kultura.gov.rs/vest/5318/saopstenje-ministarstva-kulture-i-informisanja-u-vezi-sa-izlozbom-u-umetnickoj-galeriji-stara-kapetanija-u-zemunu.php}}</ref> a proof that underground comics remain controversial.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-13|title=Suzavac i cepanje radova: Huligani upali na izložbu stripova|url=https://nova.rs/vesti/hronika/suzavac-i-cepanje-radova-huligani-upali-na-izlozbu-somborca/|access-date=2020-10-16|website=NOVA portal}}</ref> Some authors would eventually try their hand at mainstream, like Leonid Pilipović<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bedetheque.com/biblio-auteur-11894-BD-Pilipovic-Leo.html|title=Pilipovic, Léo - Bibliographie détaillée|last=MAGNERON|first=Philippe|website=bedetheque.com|access-date=2016-07-29}}</ref> and Tihomir Čelanović,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/c/chelanovich_t.htm|title=Tiho Celanovic|website=lambiek.net|access-date=2016-07-29}}</ref> or turn to illustration, like Neda Dokić,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/d/dokic_n.htm|title=Neda Dokic|website=lambiek.net|access-date=2016-07-29}}</ref> Milan Pavlović <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mrstocca.blogspot.com/|title=Mr. Stocca|access-date=2016-07-29}}</ref> and Boban Savić.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Museum of Applied Art, Serbia|url=https://mpu.rs/en/exhibitions/geto-handicraft-above-everything/}}</ref>

In the 21st century new publishers (such as Lavirint, System Comics, Komiko, Darkwood, Rosenkrantz and others) continue to nurture international as well as Serbian comics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stripvesti.com/izdavaci/index.html|title=Strip vesti|website=stripvesti.com|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> However, the print runs remain limited, so artists have been forced to seek work abroad, especially in France.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.blic.rs/kultura/vesti/srbija-uvozi-stripove-domacih-autora/wqbptln|title=Srbija uvozi stripove domaćih autora|date=2015-11-28|language=sr-SP|access-date=2016-07-29}}</ref> The list includes Vladimir Aleksić,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bedetheque.com/auteur-18233-BD-Aleksic-Vladimir.html|title=Aleksic, Vladimir - Bibliographie, BD, photo, biographie|last=MAGNERON|first=Philippe|website=bedetheque.com|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> Tiberiu Beka,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/t/tiberiu.htm|title=Tibery|website=lambiek.net|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> Mirko Čolak,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/c/colak_mirko.htm|title=Mirko Colak|website=lambiek.net|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> Bojan Kovačević,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/k/kovacevic_bojan.htm|title=Bojan Kovacevic|website=lambiek.net|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> [[Dražen Kovačević]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/k/kovacevic_drazen.htm|title=Drazen Kovacevic|website=lambiek.net|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> Miroljub Milutinović,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/brada.htm|title=Brada|website=lambiek.net|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> Siniša Radović,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/radovic_sinisa.htm|title=Sinisa Radovic|website=lambiek.net|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> [[Gradimir Smudja]], Velibor Stanojević,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Velibor Stanojevic|url=https://www.marvel.com/comics/creators/13896/velibor_stanojevic|access-date=2020-12-10|website=Marvel Entertainment}}</ref> Stevan Subić,<ref>{{Cite web|last=MAGNERON|first=Philippe|title=Subic, Stevan - Bibliographie, BD, photo, biographie|url=https://www.bedetheque.com/auteur-40768-BD-Subic-Stevan.html|access-date=2021-06-29|website=www.bedetheque.com|language=fr}}</ref> Jovan Ukropina,<ref>{{Cite web|last=MAGNERON|first=Philippe|title=Ukropina, Jovan - Bibliographie, BD, photo, biographie|url=https://www.bedetheque.com/auteur-23654-BD-Ukropina-Jovan.html|access-date=2021-06-29|website=www.bedetheque.com|language=fr}}</ref> Bojan Vukić<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/v/vukic_bojan.htm|title=Bojan Vukic|website=lambiek.net|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> and others. In addition, foreign-born creators of Serbian descent include [[Marko Djurdjević|Marko Djurdjevic]], [[Viktor Bogdanovic]] and [[Nina Bunjevac]]. In the meantime, comics in Serbia had all but retreated to bookstores and galleries until publisher Veseli četvrtak reintroduced Bonelli comics to the newsstands in 2008. As of 2018, the best-selling graphic novel in recent history has been ''Sat'' (''Watch''), a [[World War I|WW1]] story written by [[Dragan de Lazare|Dragan Lazarević De Lazare]] and drawn by [[Vujadin Radovanović|Vujadin Radovanović Vuja]] with colors by [[Rade Tovladijac]]; it was distributed in 120,000 copies via daily ''[[Večernje novosti]]'' to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usus.org.rs/21-najava/647-120-000-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B8-%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8-%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%B7%D0%B0-%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%9A%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%83-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%98%D0%B0-%D1%83-%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC-%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83|title=Udruženje stripskih umetnika Srbije|website=usus.org.rs|language=sr-rs|access-date=2018-11-12}}</ref> similar to the ''Front Lines'' series.[http://www.systemcomics.com/web/content/view/171/160/]

Serbian comics have branched out to other media, including movies, television and video games. In 2019 a [[Interactive fiction|text-based video-game]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://store.steampowered.com/app/983290/Lightstep_Chronicles/|title=Lightstep Chronicles on Steam|website=store.steampowered.com|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref> loosely based on Miloš Slavković's  ''Lightstep Chronicles'' comic was developed by [[Eipix Entertainment]]; the book itself was funded on [[Kickstarter]] in 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/imagineincredible/lightstep-chronicles-retro-futurist-space-opera-co|title=LIGHTSTEP CHRONICLES – Retro Futurist Space Opera Comic Book|website=Kickstarter|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref> and published by [[Dark Horse Comics|Dark Horse]] a year later.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://digital.darkhorse.com/books/22d7093506af4447954bdfc478b90a81/lightstep|title=Lightstep {{!}} Dark Horse Digital Comics|website=digital.darkhorse.com|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref> It was not the only Serbian comic that inspired a video game, as ''Cruciform: Defiance'' by Vitković and Rajšić served as a prequel to 2007's ''[[Genesis Rising: The Universal Crusade]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Man|first=Nowhere|date=25 December 2018|title=The Nowhere Earth Files: Cruciform : Defiance|url=http://nowhereearthfiles.blogspot.com/2018/12/cruciform-defiance.html|access-date=2020-10-29|website=The Nowhere Earth Files}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kuzmanović |first=Miodrag |date=April 2007 |title=Genesis Rising |url=https://www.sk.rs/arhiva/clanak/19206/genesis-rising}}</ref> In 2018 [[Radio Television of Vojvodina]] aired ''Kvadrati i oblačići'' (''Panels and word-balloons''), a [[Documentary film|documentary series]] featuring interviews with local authors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rtv.rs/sr_lat/vojvodina/novi-sad/dokumentarni-serijal-kvadrati-i-oblacici-od-petka-na-rtv1_970592.html|title=Dokumentarni serijal "Kvadrati i oblačići" od petka na RTV1|last=Vojvodine|first=Javna medijska ustanova JMU Radio-televizija|website=JMU Radio-televizija Vojvodine|access-date=2020-01-29}}</ref> In 2022 Radio Television of Serbia produced ''Nevidljivi strip'' (''The Invisible Comics'') about [[Alternative comics|alternative]] and underground comics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Serbia |first=RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of |title=Невидљиви стрип |url=http://www.rts.rs/page/tv/ci/story/18/rts-2/4974206/nevidljivi-strip.html |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=www.rts.rs}}</ref>

== List of Serbian comics ==

* ''La Bête Noire''
* ''[[Il Grande Blek#Yugoslavia|YU Blek]]''
* ''[[Cat Claw]]''
* ''[[Dikan]]''
* ''[[Generation Tesla]]''
* ''[[Kobra (comic book)|Kobra]]''
* ''[[Master Death (comics)|Master Death]]''
* ''[[Mirko and Slavko]]''
* ''[[Ninja (comic book)|Ninja]]''
* ''[[Prijatelji (comics)|Prijatelji]]''
* ''[[Tarzan (comics)#Europe|Tarzan (Yugoslavian Version)]]''
* ''[[Technotise]]''
* ''[[The Third Argument]]''
* ''[[The Thread of Art]]''
* ''[[Zigomar (comics)|Zigomar]]''

== List of Serbian comics people ==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=18em|;Artists
* [[Nina Bunjevac]]
* [[Aleksa Gajić]]
* [[Borivoje Grbić]]
* [[Zoran Janjetov]]
* [[Branislav Kerac]]
* [[Vladimir Krstić - Laci]]
* [[Dražen Kovačević]]
* [[Dragan de Lazare]]
* [[Đorđe Lobačev]]
* [[Nikola Maslovara]]
* [[Petar Meseldžija]]
* [[R. M. Guéra|Rajko Milošević a.k.a. Gera and R.M. Guéra]]
* [[Jovan Nikolić (cartoonist)|Jovan Nikolić]]
* [[Darko Perović]]
* [[Branko Plavšić]]
* [[Vujadin Radovanović]]
* [[Sibin Slavković]]
* [[Gradimir Smudja]]
* [[Rade Tovladijac]]
* [[Zoran Tucić]]
* [[Jugoslav Vlahović]]
* [[Dobrosav Živković]]
* [[Aleksandar Zograf]]
* [[Zdravko Zupan]]

;Writers
* [[Branko Ćopić]]
* [[Dobrica Erić]]
* [[Boban Knežević]]
* [[Milan Konjević]]
* [[Svetozar Obradović]]
* [[Duško Radović]]
* [[Zoran Stefanović]]
* [[Slobodan Škerović]]

;Editors, critics, researchers
* [[Momčilo Rajin]]
* [[Živojin Tamburić]]
* [[Bogdan Tirnanić]]
* [[Zoran Živković (writer)|Zoran Živković]]
}}

== List of films based on Serbian comics ==

* ''[[Mirko and Slavko#Film adaptation|Mirko and Slavko]]'' (1973)<ref>{{Citation|last=Jankovic|first=Branimir Tori|title=Mirko and Slavko|date=1973-11-21|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0181690/|access-date=2016-07-12}}</ref>
* ''[[Cat Claw#TV Movie|City Cat]]'' (1991), TV short based on [[Cat Claw]]
* ''[[Technotise Edit & I]]'' (2008), animated, based on [[Technotise]]
*''The Swindlers'' (2020), TV show

==List of comic festivals in Serbia==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|;Festival
*Balkanska smotra mladih strip autora, [[Leskovac]]
*Bijenale jugoslovenskog stripa, [[Zemun]]
*Beogradski sajam knjiga, Beograd
*Dani stripa, Gornji Milanovac
*Dani stripa, [[Niš]]
*Dani stripa u Poletu, Beograd
*Gašin sabor, festival karikaturalnog stripa, Beograd
*GRRR festival alternativnog stripa, [[Pančevo]]
*Kragujevac Comic Con, [[Kragujevac]]
*Nifest, Niš
*Novo doba, festival nesvrstanog stripa, Beograd
*Novosadski strip vikend, Novi Sad
*Pirot grad stripa, [[Pirot]]
*Salon domaćeg stripa, Kragujevac
*Salon jugoslovenskog stripa, Pančevo
*Salon stripa, Beograd
*Salon stripa, [[Zaječar]]
*Somborski strip fest, [[Sombor]]
*Strika fest, Festival stripa i karikature, [[Požarevac]]
*Strip Art Fest, [[Vrnjačka Banja]]
*Strip kolonija, [[Raška, Serbia|Raška]]
*Stripolis, festival stripa, [[Zrenjanin]]
*Striporama fest, Niš
*Striposlavija, Beograd
*Šabački festival stripa, [[Šabac]]
*Tras, Beograd
*Užički strip susreti, [[Užice]]
*Valjevski strip festival, [[Valjevo]]
*Vikend stripa, Valjevo
}}

==See also==

*[[Croatian comics]]
*[[American comic book|American comics]]
*[[Franco-Belgian comics]]
*[[Spanish comics]]
*[[Italian comics]]
*[[Argentine comics]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
* [[Žika Bogdanović|Bogdanović, Žika]] et al. ''Umetnost i jezik stripa'', "Orbis", Belgrade, Serbia (Yugoslavia), 1994.
* Bogdanović, Žika. ''Čardak ni na nebu ni na zemlji: Rađanje i život beogradskog stripa 1934-1941, ''"Ateneum", Belgrade, Serbia, 2006.
* [[Borisav Čeliković|Čeliković, Borisav]], "Četiri decenije stripa Dečjih novina i Stripografija edicije Nikad robom", ''Dani stripa '95''. "Dečje novine", Gornji Milanovac (Yugoslavia), 1995.
* [[Slavko Draginčić|Draginčić, Slavko]] & [[Zdravko Zupan]]. ''Istorija jugoslovenskog stripa ''1'', ''"Forum", Novi Sad, Serbia (Yugoslavia), 1986.
* [[Zoran Đukanović|Đukanović, Zoran]]. ''Thomas Man ili Filip K. Dik, ''Vidici, Belgrade, Serbia (Yugoslavia), 1988. (extended e-publication: www.stripovi.com, 2006)
* [[Branko Đukić|Đukić, Branko]] et al. ''Zrenjaninski strip almanah'', Kulturni centar, Zrenjanin, Serbia, 2007.
* [[Didier Ghez|Ghez, Didier]] & Zdravko Zupan''. ''"European Disneyana, part III – Yugoslavia"'', Tomart’s Disneyana'' 44, Dayton, Ohio, USA, 2001.
* [[Maurice Horn|Horn, Maurice]] et al. ''The World Encyclopedia of Comics,'' [[Chelsea House Publishers]], Broomall, USA, 1976 & 1999.
* [[Slobodan Ivkov|Ivkov, Slobodan]]. ''60 godina domaćeg stripa u Srbiji 1935-1995, ''Galerija "Likovni susret", Subotica, Serbia (Yugoslavia), 1995.
* [[Srećko Jovanović|Jovanović, Srećko]]. ''Veliki san, ''&nbsp;ed. by Vasa Pavković and Zdravko Zupan, "Arhiv", Pančevo, Serbia, 2007.
* [[Johanna Marcadé|Marcadé, Johanna]]. ''Stripovi/Стрипови, Bande dessinée indépendante et contemporaine en Serbie et en Croatie'', Turbo Comix/Le Courrier des Balkans, Belgrade/Paris, 2009.
* [[Branislav Miltojević|Miltojević Branislav]] et al. ''Antologija niškog stripa'', "Prosveta", Niš, Serbia, 2004.
* [[Ranko Munitić|Munitić, Ranko]]. ''Deveta umetnost: strip, ''"Image", Belgrade, Serbia, 2006.
* [[Svetozar Obradović|Obradović, Svetozar]] et al. ''Novosadski strip'', "Prometej", Novi Sad, Serbia, 2007.
* [[Milenko Pajić|Pajić, Milenko]] i [[Vladimir Dunjić]]. ''Studio za novi strip: Lučani 1975-1980'', "Academica", Užice, Serbia, 2007.
* [[Vasa Pavković|Pavković, Vasa]]. ''Naš slatki strip, ''"Narodna knjiga", Belgrade, Serbia (Serbia & Montenegro), 2003.
* [[Petar Radičević|Radičević, Petar]], ''Ilustrovana istorija stripa ''(''Eks-almanah – Specijal'', br. 169/I)'', ''"Dečje novine", Gornji Milanovac, Serbia (Yugoslavia), 1979.
* [[Zoran Stefanović|Stefanović, Zoran]]. Essays and studies in ''Dikan. Vol. 1'' ''(1969-1971)'', by [[Lazo Sredanović]], [[Nikola Lekić]] et al., "Everest Media", Belgrade 2013. {{ISBN|978-86-7756-027-0}} and ''Dikan. Vol. 2 (1972-1983)'', "Informatika" & "Everest media", Beograd 2015. {{ISBN|978-86-84497-49-1}}
* Stefanović, Zoran. "Siktaj bez zvuka: kritička istorija serijala Kobra", in: Kobra, Vol. 1, by Svetozar Obradović and [[Branislav Kerac]], "Darkwood", Belgrade, 2013, pp.&nbsp;157–189. {{ISBN|978-86-6163-139-9}}
* Stojanović, Marko et al. ''Leskovački strip 1950-2010'', own publication, Leskovac, Serbia, 2010.
* [[Živojin Tamburić|Tamburić, Živojin]], Zdravko Zupan and Zoran Stefanović, with foreword by [[Paul Gravett]]. [[The Comics We Loved|''The Comics We Loved: Selection of 20th Century Comics and Creators from the Region of Former Yugoslavia'']], "Omnibus", Belgrade, Serbia, 2011. {{ISBN|978-86-87071-03-2}}
* [[Bogdan Tirnanić|Tirnanić, Bogdan]]. ''Ogled o Paji Patku, ''"XX vek", Belgrade, Serbia (Yugoslavia), 1989.
* [[Svetozar Tomić|Tomić, Svetozar]]. ''Strip, poreklo i značaj, ''"Forum", Novi Sad, Serbia (Yugoslavia), 1985.
* [[Anica Tucakov|Tucakov, Anica]]. ''Strip u Srbiji 1975-1995, ''Zadužbina "Andrejević", Belgrade, Serbia (Yugoslavia), 2000.
* Various. ''Između igre i podviga: Ko je i kako stvarao Dečje novine'', ed. by Aleksandar Lazarević, "Ravera Press", Belgrade, Serbia (Yugoslavia), 1996.
* Zupan, Zdravko, "Les éditions européennes du journal de Mickey – Yougoslavie", ''Le collectionneur de Bandes Dessinées'' 105, Paris, France, 2005.
* Zupan, Zdravko, "The Golden Age of Serbian comics, Belgrade Comic Art 1935-1941"'', International Journal of Comic Art, ''Drexel Hill, PA, USA, 2000.
* Zupan, Zdravko. ''Vek stripa u Srbiji, ''Kulturni centar, Pančevo, Serbia, 2007.
* [[Zoran Živković (writer)|Živković Zoran]]. ''Enciklopedija naučne fantastike ''1-2, "Prosveta", Belgrade, Serbia (Yugoslavia), 1990.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150323215621/http://www.rastko.org.rs/strip/zzupan-golden_age.html The Golden Age of Serbian Comics] {{in lang|en}}
* [http://www.paulgravett.com/articles/article/comics_culture_in_yugoslavias_ Comics Culture in Yugoslavia by Paul Gravett] {{in lang|en}}
*[http://www.rastko.org.rs/strip/zstefanovic-petlic_c.html Konstantin Kuznjecov, ''Fairytale about Tsar Saltan/The Tale of the Golden Cockerel'', 1940] {{in lang|sr}}
*[http://www.stripvesti.com/ Strip vesti (comics news)] {{in lang|sr}}
*[http://www.kosmoplovci.net/studiostrip/indexx.html Kosmoplovci (Serbian underground comics)] {{in lang|sr}}
*[http://www.usus.org.rs/ The Association of Serbian comics artists/Udruženje stripskih umetnika Srbije] {{in lang|sr}}

{{Comics}}

[[Category:Serbian comics| ]]