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{{Short description|Comics created in Korea}}
{{italic title|reason=Korean word}}
{{About|Korean comics|Chinese comics|Manhua|Japanese comics|Manga}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=August 2019}}
{{lead too short|date=March 2024}}
{{Expand French|Manhwa|date=January 2011}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox Korean name
|title=Manhwa
|hangul=만화
|hanja=漫畵
|rr=manhwa
|mr=manhwa
|}}
[[File:Manhwa-Yu.Gil-jun-Yahak-01.jpg|thumb|The first woodcut {{lang|ko-Latn|manhwa}}, published in 1908]]
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{{Culture of Korea}}

'''{{lang|ko-Latn|Manhwa}}''' ({{Korean|hangul=만화|hanja=漫畵}}; {{IPA|ko|manβʷa}}) is the general [[Korean language|Korean]] term for [[comics]] and print [[cartoon]]s. Outside Korea, the term usually refers to [[Korea]]n comics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mangaka.co.uk/?page=manga-abc|title=Mangaka|website=www.mangaka.co.uk|access-date=2 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505174018/http://www.mangaka.co.uk/?page=manga-abc|archive-date=5 May 2011}}</ref>

Modern Manhwa has extended its reach to many other countries. These comics have branched outside of Korea by access to [[Webtoon]]s and have created an impact that has resulted in some movie, drama and television show adaptations.

==Characteristics==
The author or artist of a {{lang|ko-Latn|manhwa}} is called a {{lang|ko-Latn|manhwaga}} ({{Korean|만화가|漫畫家|labels=no}}). They take on the task of creating a comic that fits a certain format. {{lang|ko-Latn|Manhwa}} is read in the same direction as English books, horizontally and from left to right, because Korean is normally written and read horizontally. It can also be written and read vertically from right to left, top to bottom.<ref>{{cite web |last1=McKinney |first1=DW |title=Riding the Wave: The Steady Rise of Korean Manhwa |url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/riding-the-wave-the-steady-rise-of-korean-manhwa/ |date=24 October 2020|website=Los Angeles Review of Books |access-date=3 November 2022}}</ref> Webtoons tend to be structured differently in the way they are meant for scrolling where manga is meant to be looked at page by page. {{lang|ko-Latn|Manhwa}}, unlike their manga counterpart, is often in color when posted on the internet, but in black & white when in a printed format.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Peralta |first1=Ederlyn|date=24 July 2020 |title=The Differences Between Manga, Manhwa and Manhua, Explained |url=https://www.cbr.com/the-differences-between-manga-manhwa-manhua-explained/ |website=CBR.com |access-date=3 November 2022}}</ref>

{{lang|ko-Latn|Manhwa}} art differs from manga and manhua as well with its distinct features. The bodies of characters are often realistically proportioned, while the faces remain unrealistic. {{lang|ko-Latn|Manhwas}} also often have very detailed clothing on their characters as well as intricate backgrounds. Webtoons use vertical scrolling to their advantage to demonstrate movement or the passage of time. {{lang|ko-Latn|Manhwa}} webtoons are also recognized for having simplified [[dialogue]] compared to print.<ref>{{cite web |title=Differences between manga, manhua, and manhwa |url=https://dearotakufriend.com/differences-manga-manhua-manhwa/ |website=Dear Otaku Friend |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017233941/https://dearotakufriend.com/differences-manga-manhua-manhwa/|archive-date=17 October 2022|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

==Etymology and influence==
Linguistically, {{lang|ko-Latn|manhwa}}, ''[[manga]]'' ({{lang|ja|漫画}}) and {{lang|zh-Latn|[[manhua]]}} ({{lang|zh|漫画}}) all mean 'comics' in [[Korean language|Korean]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]] and [[Chinese language|Chinese]] respectively. Manga comes from the Japanese word 漫画,<ref>{{Harvnb|Rousmaniere|2001|p=54}}, {{Harvnb|Thompson|2007|p=xiii}}, {{Harvnb|Prohl|Nelson|2012|p=596}},{{Harvnb|Fukushima|2013|p=19}}</ref> ([[katakana]]: {{lang|ja|マンガ}}; [[hiragana]]: {{lang|ja|まんが}}) which is composed of two [[kanji]] 漫 (man) meaning 'whimsical or impromptu' and 画 (ga) meaning 'pictures'.<ref name="auto12">{{cite web |title=Shiji no yukikai(Japanese National Diet Library) |url=http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/2534277/5?contentNo=5&itemId=info%3Andljp%2Fpid%2F2534277&__lang=en}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Webb|2006}},{{Harvnb|Thompson|2007|p=xvi}},{{Harvnb|Onoda|2009|p=10}},{{Harvnb|Petersen|2011|p=120}}</ref> The same term is the root of the Korean word for comics, 'manhwa', and the Chinese word 'manhua'.<ref>{{Harvnb|Thompson|2007|p=xiii}}, {{Harvnb|Onoda|2009|p=10}}, {{Harvnb|Prohl|Nelson|2012|p=596}}, {{Harvnb|Fukushima|2013|p=19}}</ref> The Korean {{lang|ko-Latn|manhwa}}, the Japanese ''manga'' and the Chinese phrase {{lang|ko-Latn|manhua}} are [[cognates]]  ({{translation|"impromptu sketches"|i=yes}})<ref>{{harvnb|Petersen|2011}}.{{page needed|date=January 2023}}</ref> and their histories and influences intertwine with each other.

Originally the term ''[[manhua]]'' in Chinese vocabulary was an 18th-century term used in Chinese [[literati painting]]. The term ''[[manga]]'' ({{lang|ja|漫画}}) was used in Japan to mean "comics" in the late 19th century, when it became popular. Since then, ''[[manhua]]'' ({{lang|zh|漫画}}) and ''manhwa'' ({{Korean|hangul=만화|hanja=漫畫|labels=no}}) have also come to mean 'comics' in [[Chinese language|Chinese]] and [[Korean language|Korean]] respectively.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

Although in a traditional sense, the terms manga/{{lang|zh-Latn|manhua}}/{{lang|ko-Latn|manhwa}} had a similar meaning of comical drawing broadly, in English the terms {{lang|ko-Latn|manhwa}} and {{lang|zh-Latn|manhua}} generally designate the manga-inspired comic strips. {{lang|ko-Latn|Manhwaga}} were not culturally isolated, and the influx of manga into the Korean comics market had a strong effect on the art and content of many artists' {{lang|ko-Latn|manhwa}}.<ref>Sugiyama, Rika. Comic Artists—Asia: Manga, Manhwa, Manhua. New York: Harper, 2004. Introduces the work of comics artists in Japan, Korea, and Hong Kong through artist profiles and interviews that provide insight into their processes.</ref>

==History==
The term {{lang|ko-Latn|manhwa}} came into popular use in Korea during the 1920s,<ref name="Qui">{{Cite web |last=Qui |first=Shelley |title=Manhwa |url=https://professorlatinx.osu.edu/comics/manhwa/ |access-date=9 December 2019 |website=Professor LatinX |language=en-US}}</ref> when it was applied to cartoons. By the mid 1920s, most newspapers were shut down,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cal Poly Web Login Service - Stale Request |url=https://idp.calpoly.edu/idp/profile/cas/login?execution=e1s1 |access-date=9 December 2019 |website=idp.calpoly.edu}}</ref> and political and social cartoons were abandoned, replaced by humorous illustrations and cartoons geared towards children.

[[Political cartoon]] slowly reemerged following the establishment of the Republic of Korea (commonly known as South Korea) in 1948.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Korea - History |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Korea |access-date=9 December 2019 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Popular artist Kim Yong-hwan started Korea's first comic magazine, ''Manhwa Haengjin'', in 1948,<ref name="Russell">{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=Mark James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gftM5SjLwV8C&q=when+was+sunjeong+manhwa+made+in+south+korea&pg=PT402 |title=Pop Goes Korea: Behind the Revolution in Movies, Music, and Internet Culture |date=20 October 2012 |publisher=Stone Bridge Press |isbn=978-1-61172-542-1 |language=en}}</ref> but it was quickly shut down because the authorities disapproved of the cover.

During the Korean war, Manhwa was used with the aim of boosting the morale of the public, however there was also doctrine and propaganda on some manhwa leaflets and books, for example was '''"Hong Gil Dong"'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matt |first=VanVolkenburg |date=7 May 2019 |title=Saving Children from 'Unhealthy' Comics in the 1960's and 1970's |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/southkorea/globalcommunity/20190507/korea-encounters-saving-children-from-unhealthy-comics-in-the-1960s-and-1970s |access-date=7 April 2025 |website=Korea Times}}</ref> The popularity of comics rose during the 1950s and 1960s,<ref name="Qui" /> creating diversity of styles and subject matter which led to the construction of new genres such as sunjeong (or soonjung),<ref name="Russell"/> stories containing romance that are aimed at young women. Also around this time another more humorous genre, myeongnyang ''or happy comics'' had become popular in order to counteract gritty ones. [[Manhwabang]] (lit. comics room), [[Manga cafe|comics cafés]] and stores that allowed readers to pay a set rate to sit and read comics were also introduced to the public, creating a positive atmosphere around the comics.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yadao |first=Jason S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WcYex0sGmQ0C&q=when+were+manhwabangs+introduced+into+south+korea&pg=PA35 |title=The Rough Guide to Manga |date=1 October 2009 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-4053-8423-0 |language=en}}</ref> In response to the increasing publication of comics, as well as social and political changes within South Korea, the government began to enforce [[Censorship in South Korea|censorship laws]] and, by the mid-1960s, created a comics distribution monopoly that further censored {{lang|ko-Latn|manhwa}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Kyung Hyun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SWdhAwAAQBAJ&q=park+chung+hee+and+manhwa+censorship&pg=PA41 |title=The Korean Popular Culture Reader |last2=Choe |first2=Youngmin |date=7 March 2014 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-7756-6 |language=en}}</ref> Then the changing courses of manhwa history occurred during times of [https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/southkorea/globalcommunity/20190507/korea-encounters-saving-children-from-unhealthy-comics-in-the-1960s-and-1970s Manhwa Revolution] when the authorities formed many commissions many times who oversees manhwa publications as well as community movements in order to suppress manhwa fanaticism among childrens and in order to address parents' concerns.<ref>{{Cite web |first=KTV |date=16 November 2016 |title=Daehan News 866 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WO159iP8Fts&ab_channel=KTV%EB%8C%80%ED%95% 9C%EB%8A%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4 |access-date=7 April 2025 |website=YouTube}}</ref>

Around this time was when Manhwa had come up in North Korea as well. Then in the early 2000s, the majority of Manhwa was transferred to online sources due to economic collapse that South Korea had experienced at the end of the millennium. The online publication of Manhwa significantly increased its popularity outside Korea. This led to the South Korean search portal to launch LINE Webtoon, a platform for distributing online Manhwa.

===Webtoons===
The term "Webtoon" ({{Korean|hangul=웹툰|labels=no}}) is a portmanteau of the Korean words 웹 meaning web and 카툰 meaning cartoon. The term was first coined on 8 August 2000, by Chollian, one of South Korea's oldest and now discontinued internet service engines.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=22 May 2020 |title=What are webtoons? |url=https://mangaplanet.com/what-are-webtoons/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=Manga Planet Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Webtoons]] are the digital form of {{lang|ko-Latn|manhwa}} that first came into popularity in the early 2000s due to their free access and availability on the internet.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Acuna |first=Kirsten |title=Millions in Korea are obsessed with these revolutionary comics — now they're going global |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-webtoons-2016-2 |access-date=9 December 2019 |website=Business Insider}}</ref> It was also beneficial to creators because it helped them get around strict South Korean censorship laws.<ref>{{cite web |last1=McKinney |first1=DW |title=Riding the Wave: The Steady Rise of Korean Manhwa |url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/riding-the-wave-the-steady-rise-of-korean-manhwa/ |access-date=11 April 2022 |website=Los Angeles Review of Books|date=24 October 2020 }}</ref> Webtoons encourage amateur writers to publish their own stories for others to read.<ref name=":1" /> Since their creation, webtoons have gained popularity around the globe and have even been adopted outside of Korea as another form of comic publication.<ref>{{cite web |title=Webtoon, Why So Popular? | date=27 March 2005 |url=http://www.dgupost.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=1247 |access-date=15 September 2014}}</ref> This is credited to their unique format and pay model.

In 2014 [[Webtoon (platform)|WEBTOON]]'s global website and mobile app were launched, revolutionizing the comic world's way of reading for entertainment. Also, around this time JunKoo Kim, the person that started LINE Webtoon, had reported that Webtoon was used in 60 countries, had 55 million monthly users, and 100 billion annual views.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}

=={{lang|ko-Latn|Manhwa}} outside of Korea==
{{lang|ko-Latn|Manhwa}} has reached all over the world now.  With websites such as Toptoon, a webtoon company from Korea that also has a global service in DayComcis (former ToptoonPlus), people are able to access a wide variety of comics from their phones.<ref name="Cision">{{cite news|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/toptoon-global-to-begin-services-for-english-speaking-countries-in-full-swing-as-the-members-surpass-200-000-in-number-301354903.html |title=Toptoon Global to being services for English-speaking countries in full swing as the members surpass 200,000 in number |publisher=[[PR Newswire]] |date=13 August 2021}}</ref> There are also places like [[Webtoon|WEBTOON]] that not only allow people to read original comics, but make them as well, opening up this aspect of Korean culture for everyone to take part in.

But despite that, the relative obscurity of [[Culture of Korea|Korean culture]] in the Western world has caused the word {{lang|ko-Latn|manhwa}} to remain somewhat unknown in the English-speaking countries.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} English translations of {{lang|ko-Latn|manhwa}} have achieved success by targeting the manga and [[anime]] community, to the extent that {{lang|ko-Latn|manhwa}} were marketed as ''manga'' by the American publisher [[Tokyopop]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Publishers want you to know: Manhwa is not manga |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/02/17/living/publishers-want-you-to-know-manhwa-is-not-manga/index.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref>

===United States===
[[Sanho Kim]] was the first {{lang|ko-Latn|manhwa}} artist working in the States. During the 1960s and 1970s, he worked for publishers [[Charlton Comics]], [[Warren Publishing]], Iron Horse Publishing, [[Skywald Publications]], [[DC Comics]], and [[Marvel Comics]].<ref name="Comiclopedia">[http://lambiek.net/artists/k/kim_san-ho.htm Kim entry], Lambiek's Comiclopedia. Accessed 9 June 2011.</ref>

According to journalist [[Paul Gravett]], in 1987 Eastern Comics published the first original {{lang|ko-Latn|manhwas}} in the United States.<ref>[[Paul Gravett]]. [http://www.paulgravett.com/articles/article/make_mine_manhwa Make Mine Manhwa!: Exporting Korean Comics]</ref>

Due to the explosion of manga's popularity in the Americas, many of the licensed titles acquired for the American market seek to emulate the popular elements of other successful series.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/columnist/arnold/article/0,9565,1152700,00.html | archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080308230400/http://www.time.com/time/columnist/arnold/article/0,9565,1152700,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=8 March 2008 | magazine=Time | title=Life and Literature Without Robots | first=Andrew D. | last=Arnold | date=25 January 2006 | access-date=12 May 2010}}</ref> Recently, long-running webtoons serialized via [[web portal|Internet portal sites]] (e.g. by Daum Media),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cartoon.media.daum.net|title=Daum 웹툰|website=Daum 웹툰}}</ref> like [[Lezhin Comics]] and personal homepages have become both the creative and popular destination among the younger generation in Korea.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}
With manga proving to be both popular and commercially successful in Europe and the United States, a number of publishers imported and translated {{lang|ko-Latn|manhwa}} titles in the hope of reaching the same audience. The readability and left-to-right orientation of {{lang|ko-Latn|manhwa}} contributed to its growing popularity, as did the realism of the characters and the combination of Eastern and Western styles and mythologies.

==Media franchise==
{{See also|:Category:Works based on manhwa}}
Animations based on Korean comics are still relatively rare (though there were several major hits in the late 1980s and early 90s with titles such as ''[[Dooly the Little Dinosaur]]'' and ''Fly! Superboard''). However, live-action drama series and movie adaptations of {{lang|ko-Latn|manhwa}} have occurred more frequently in recent years. ''[[Full House (2004 TV series)|Full House]]'' in 2004 and ''[[Goong (manhwa)|Goong]]'' ("Palace" or "Princess Hours") in 2006 are prominent examples. Below is a list of manhwa titles adapted into television series, web series, films, etc. Not to be confused to another adapted works of adapted from [[Webtoon]]s.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; margin=auto; "
|-
! Title
! Author
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Format
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Premiere
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Reference
|-
| ''Meongteong-guli Heotmulkyeogi''<br />({{Korean|hangul=멍텅구리 헛물켜기|labels=no}})
| Lee Sang-hyeop and Ahn Jae-hong and Noh Soo-hyun
| Film
| 1926
| 
| <ref name="Meongteongguli">{{Cite news|date=14 November 2014|url=https://www.nocutnews.co.kr/news/4327036|script-title=ko:'미생' 전에 '멍텅구리 헛물켜기' 있었다|trans-title=Before 'Misaeng', there was 'Meongteong-guli heotmulkyeogi'|work=[[No Cut News]]|language=ko|access-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''Gobau''<br />({{Korean|hangul=고바우|labels=no}})
| Kim Seonghwan
| Film
| 1958
| 
| <ref name="Meongteongguli" />
|-
| ''Walsun Ajimae''<br />({{Korean|hangul=왈순 아지매|labels=no}})
| Jeong Woon-kyung
| Film
| 1963
| 
| <ref name="Meongteongguli" />
|-
| ''Geokkuligungwa Jangdaligun''<br />({{Korean|hangul=거꾸리군과 장다리군|labels=no}})
| Kim Seonghwan
| Film
| 1977
| 
| <ref name="Meongteongguli" />
|-
| rowspan="3"| ''Bridal Mask''<br />({{Korean|hangul=각시탈|labels=no}})
| rowspan="3"| [[Huh Young-man]]
| Film
| 1978
| 
| <ref>{{Cite news|date=7 November 2007|url=https://www.donga.com/news/article/all/20071107/8508854/1|script-title=ko:정보+재미 '허영만 브랜드'의 힘|trans-title=Information + fun The power of 'Huh Young-man brand'|work=[[The Dong-A Ilbo]]|language=ko|access-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| Animated film
| 1986
| 
| <ref>{{Cite web|date=26 April 2022|url=https://blog.naver.com/mcstkorea/222666140025|script-title=ko:고전 애니메이션을 무료로 만나보자! <한국영상자료원 '애니메이션 디지털 아카이빙 사업'>: 네이버블로그|trans-title=Let's meet the classic animation for free! <Korean Film Archive 'Animation Digital Archiving Project'>: Naver Blog|work=[[Naver Blog]]|language=ko|access-date=31 December 2022}}<!-- Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism --></ref>
|-
| [[Bridal Mask|TV series]]
| 30 May 2012
| Bridal Mask SPC<br />[[Pan Entertainment]]<br />[[KBS N]]
| <ref>{{cite news|last=Choi|first=Tae-hwan|title=Korea and Japan|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2012/08/160_117455.html|work=[[The Korea Times]]|access-date=23 April 2013|date=15 August 2012}}</ref>
|-
| ''Space Black Knight''<br />({{Korean|hangul=우주 흑기사|labels=no}})
| [[Huh Young-man]]
| Animated film
| 1979
| 
| <ref>{{Cite news|date=2 August 2005|url=https://www.starnewskorea.com/stview.php?no=2005080219225610760|script-title=ko:추억의 애니 '전자인간 337', DVD로 제작됐다|trans-title=The nostalgic anime 'Electronic Human 337' was made into a DVD|work=[[Star News (South Korea)|Star News]]|language=ko|access-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''Alien Baseball Team''<br />({{Korean|hangul=외인구단|labels=no}})
| [[Lee Hyun-se]]
| [[Lee Jang-ho's Baseball Team|Film]]
| 2 August 1986
| 
| <ref>{{cite web|script-title=ko:이장호 [47] - <공포의 외인구단>제작착수와 <어우동>기획까지|url=http://www.cine21.com/news/view/mag_id/31414|work=[[Cine21]]|language=Korean|accessdate=27 May 2014|date=14 March 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Chung|first=Suzy|title=V-I-C-T-O-R-Y! Korean sports movies|url=http://blog.korea.net/?p=6774|work=The Korea Blog|accessdate=27 May 2014|date=11 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083832/http://blog.korea.net/?p=6774|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''The Last Station''<br />({{Korean|hangul=퇴역전선|labels=no}})
| [[Huh Young-man]]
| TV series
| 14 September 1987
| Broadcast on MBC
| <ref>{{Cite news|date=19 November 2005|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=117&aid=0000029662|script-title=ko:만화를 원작으로 한 최고 드라마는?|trans-title=What is the best drama based on a manhwa?|work=[[MyDaily]]|language=ko|access-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"| ''[[Dooly the Little Dinosaur]]''<br />({{Korean|hangul=아기공룡 둘리|labels=no}})
| rowspan="4"| [[Kim Soo-jung]]
| Animation
| 7 October 1987 – 1989
| [[Daewon Media]]<br />Broadcast on KBS
| <ref>{{Cite news|date=2 May 1990|url=https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/001/0003433419?sid=102|script-title=ko:어린이용 우수 비디오|trans-title=Excellent video for children|work=[[Yonhap News Agency]]|language=ko|access-date=31 December 2022|via=Naver}}</ref>
|-
| OVA
| 1995
| [[Tooniverse]]
| <ref>{{Cite news|date=14 September 1999|url=https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/001/0004455255?sid=103|title=SBS 새 만화「둘리의 배낭여행」|trans-title=SBS New Comic 「Dooly's Backpacking Trip」|work=[[Yonhap News Agency]]|language=ko|access-date=31 December 2022|via=Naver}}</ref>
|-
| Animated film
| 24 July 1996
| Dooly Nara (Dooly Nation), Seoul Movie
| <ref>{{Cite news|date=14 September 1999|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=001&aid=0004336498|script-title=ko:만화영화 '둘리', 99년 1월 獨 14개 극장서 상영|trans-title=Animated film 'Dooly', screened at 14 theaters in Germany in January 1999|language=ko|work=[[Yonhap News Agency]]|access-date=31 December 2022|via=Naver}}</ref>
|-
| Animation
| 8 January 2009
| Broadcast on SBS, [[Tooniverse]]
| <ref>{{Cite news|date=14 September 1999|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=001&aid=0002473112|script-title=ko:투니버스 "둘리의 모든것 알려드려요"|trans-title=Tooniverse "I'll tell you everything about Dooly"|work=[[Yonhap News Agency]]|language=ko|access-date=31 December 2022|via=Naver}}</ref>
|-
| ''The Chameleon's Poem''<br />({{Korean|hangul=카멜레온의 시|labels=no}})
| [[Huh Young-man]]
| TV series
| 14 May 1988
| 
| <ref>{{Cite news|date=28 March 2007|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=117&aid=0000083926|script-title=ko:'허영만 vs 이현세' 영화-드라마 원작만화의 지존|trans-title='Huh Young-man vs. Lee Hyun-se' Movie-Drama Original Comics Supreme|work=[[OhmyNews]]|language=ko|access-date=31 December 2022|via=Naver}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| ''[[Yeongsimi]]''<br />({{Korean|hangul=열네 살 영심이|labels=no}})<br />''Young-sim'' ({{Korean|hangul=영심이|labels=no}})
| rowspan="3"| Bae Geum-taek
| Film
| 29 July 1990
| 
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cine21.com/movie/info/?movie_id=10588|script-title=ko:영심이|trans-title=Young-Shim|work=[[Cine21]]|access-date=8 July 2023|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| Animation
| 5 October 1990
| Daewon Media<br />Broadcast on KBS
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://sports.donga.com/article/all/20220906/115341925/3|script-title=ko:추억의 애니·만화, 드라마·영화로 재탄생|trans-title=Reborn as animation/manhwa, drama/movie of memories|publisher=Sports Dong-a|date=7 September 2022|access-date=8 July 2023|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| [[Oh! Youngsim|TV series]]
| 15 May 2023
| The Great Show, MODT Studio<br />Broadcast on ENA
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=609&aid=0000724136|script-title=ko:20년 만에 돌아왔다…송하윤X이동해 '오 영심이!'로 옛 추억 소환 [종합]|author=Ha Ji-won|date=May 15, 2023|publisher=Newsen|access-date=May 15, 2023|language=ko|via=Naver}}</ref>
|-
| ''Mr. Sohn''<br />({{Korean|hangul=미스터손|labels=no}})<br />''Fly! Superboard''<br />({{Korean|hangul=날아라 슈퍼보드|labels=no}})
| [[Huh Young-man]]
| Animation
| 15 August 1990, 1991, 1992, 1998, 2001
| Hanho Heung-Up Co., Ltd.<br />Broadcast on KBS1
| <ref>{{Cite news|date=30 June 1998|url=https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/001/0004391484?sid=103|script-title=ko:<방송> KBS-2 새 만화시리즈 '...슈퍼보드'|trans-title=&lt;Broadcasting&gt; KBS-2's new cartoon series '...Super Board'|work=[[Yonhap News Agency]]|language=ko|access-date=31 December 2022|via=Naver}}</ref>
|-
| ''Asphalt Man''<br />({{Korean|hangul=아스팔트 사나이|labels=no}})
| [[Huh Young-man]]
| [[Asphalt Man|TV series]]
| 17 May 1995
| Broadcast on SBS
| <ref>{{Cite news|date=29 April 1995|url=https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/001/0004014302?sid=103|script-title=ko:<스케치> 새 드라마 「아스팔트 사나이」 촬영 현장|trans-title=<Sketch> new drama 「Asphalt Man」 shooting site|work=[[Yonhap News Agency]]|language=ko|access-date=31 December 2022|via=Naver}}</ref>
|-
| ''48+1''
| [[Huh Young-man]]
| Film
| 4 November 1995
| 
| <ref>{{Cite news|date=25 July 1995|url=https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/001/0003903784?sid=103|script-title=ko:<영화화제> 만화토대로 한 영화 제작 늘어|trans-title=<Movie topic> More and more movies based on cartoons|work=[[Yonhap News Agency]]|language=ko|access-date=31 December 2022|via=Naver}}</ref>
|-
| ''Beat''<br />({{Korean|hangul=비트|labels=no}})
| [[Huh Young-man]]
| [[Beat (1997 film)|Film]]
| 3 May 1997
| 
| <ref>{{Cite news|date=29 September 2005|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=028&aid=0000128000|script-title=ko:'배고픈' 만화, 영화화가 탈출구?|trans-title='Hungry' Comics, Is Filming the Escape?|work=[[The Hankyoreh]]|language=ko|access-date=31 December 2022|via=Naver}}</ref>
|-
| ''Mr. Q''<br />(미스터 Q)
| [[Huh Young-man]]
| TV series
| 20 May 1998
| Broadcast on SBS
| <ref>{{Cite news|date=6 May 1998|url=https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/001/0004366432?sid=103|script-title=ko:<방송> SBS, 만화 원작 드라마 '미스터 Q' 신설|trans-title=(Broadcasting) SBS launches a cartoon-based drama 'Mr. Q'|work=[[Yonhap News Agency]]|language=ko|access-date=31 December 2022|via=Naver}}</ref>
|-
| ''Nudlnude''<br />({{Korean|hangul=누들누드|labels=no}})
| Yang Young-soon
| OVA
| October 1998, 1999
| Seoul Movie
| <ref>{{Cite news|date=12 September 1998|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=001&aid=0004320543|script-title=ko:10월에 출시되는 새 비디오|trans-title=New video coming in October|work=[[Yonhap News Agency]]|language=ko|access-date=31 December 2022|via=Naver}}</ref>
|-
| ''We Saw the Bird Lost in the Middle of the Road''<br />({{Korean|hangul=우리는 길 잃은 작은 새를 보았다|labels=no}})
| Hwang Mi-na
| TV series
| 19 April 1999
| Broadcast on KBS2
| <ref>{{Cite news|date=11 June 1999|url=https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/001/0004547810?sid=103|title=KBS, 멜러성 미 TV 미니시리즈 방송|trans-title=KBS, melodrama American TV mini-series broadcast|work=[[Yonhap News Agency]]|language=ko|access-date=31 December 2022|via=Naver}}</ref><ref name="TheKoreaTimes">{{Cite news|date=18 May 2021|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/culture/2021/05/142_309034.html|title=［INTERVIEW］Comic artist Won Soo-yeon talks about reprint of 'Full House' manhwa|work=[[The Korea Times]]|access-date=31 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Blade of the Phantom Master]]''<br />({{Korean|hangul=신암행어사|labels=no}})
| [[Youn In-wan]] and [[Yang Kyung-il]]
| Animated film
| 4 December 2004
| [[OLM, Inc.|Oriental Light and Magic]] and Character Plan
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fantasiafest.com/2004/en/films/film_detail.php?id=60|title=Phantom Master: Dark Hero From Ruined Empire|last=Doyle|first=Jonathan|year=2005|publisher=Fantasia Fest Official Website|access-date=10 June 2008}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Full House (manhwa)|Full House]]''<br />({{Korean|hangul=풀하우스|labels=no}})
| [[Won Soo-yeon]]
| [[Full House (South Korean TV series)|TV series]]
| 14 July 2004
| [[Kim Jong-hak Production]]
| <ref name="TheKoreaTimes" />
|-
| ''Hammerboy''<br />({{Korean|hangul=망치|labels=no}})
| [[Huh Young-man]]
| Animated film
| 6 August 2004
| 
| <ref>{{Cite news|date=10 March 2004|url=https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/029/0000060395?sid=105|script-title=ko:'해머보이 망치' 뉴욕 간다|trans-title='Hammer Boy' goes to New York|work=Digital Times|language=ko|access-date=31 December 2022|via=Naver}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Goong (manhwa)|Goong]]'' ("Palace" or "Princess Hours")<br />({{Korean|hangul=궁|labels=no}})
| Park So-hee
| [[Princess Hours|TV series]]
| 11 January 2006
| Eight Peaks
| <ref>{{Cite news|date=27 January 2006|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=117&aid=0000036203|script-title=ko:'궁',' 순정만화가 원작 맞네' 10대여자에 절대 인기|trans-title='Goong', 'The original romance manhwa' is absolutely popular among teenage girls|work=[[MyDaily]]|language=ko|access-date=31 December 2022|via=Naver}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Tajja]]''<br />({{Korean|hangul=타짜|labels=no}})
| rowspan="2"| Kim Se-yeong and [[Huh Young-man]]
| [[Tazza: The High Rollers|Film]]
| 28 September 2006
| [[Sidus Pictures|Sidus FNH]]
| <ref name="Tazza">{{cite news|last=Han|first=Sang-hee|title=Movie-Based Dramas to Fill TV Screens|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2008/07/201_27229.html|work=[[The Korea Times]]|access-date=30 July 2013|date=8 July 2008}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tazza (TV series)|TV series]]
| 16 September 2008
| Olive9 and [[Dong-ah Institute of Media and Arts]]
| <ref name="Tazza" />
|-
| rowspan="3"| ''War of Money''<br />({{Korean|hangul=쩐의 전쟁|labels=no}})
| rowspan="3"| Park In-kwon
| [[War of Money|TV series]]
| 16 May 2007
| [[Victory Contents|Victory Production]]<br />Broadcast on SBS
| <ref>{{Cite news|date=16 November 2006|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=117&aid=0000067437|script-title=ko:박신양, 3년만에 드라마 '쩐의 전쟁'으로 컴백|trans-title=Park Shin-yang, comeback with the drama 'War of Money' after 3 years|work=[[MyDaily]]|language=ko|access-date=31 December 2022|via=Naver}}</ref>
|-
| TV series
| 7 March 2008
| Broadcast on tvN
| <ref>{{Cite news|date=12 February 2008|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=117&aid=0001939967|script-title=ko:케이블판 '쩐의 전쟁' 만들어진다|trans-title=A cable TV version of 'War of Money' will be made|work=[[MyDaily]]|language=ko|access-date=31 December 2022|via=Naver}}</ref>
|-
| TV series
| 6 January 2015
| Kansai Television Co. Ltd.
| <ref>{{Cite news|date=1 December 2014|url=https://www.starnewskorea.com/stview.php?no=2014120114322529141|script-title=ko:'쩐의전쟁' 日리메이크 내년1월 방송..초난강 주연|trans-title=The Japanese remake of 'War of Money' will be broadcast in January next year... starring Cho Nangang|work=[[Star News (South Korea)|Star News]]|language=ko|access-date=31 December 2022|via=Naver}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| ''[[Sikgaek (manhwa)|Sikgaek]]''<br />''Le Grand Chef''<br />''Gourmet''<br />({{Korean|hangul=식객|labels=no}})
| rowspan="3"| [[Huh Young-man]]
| [[Le Grand Chef|Film]]
| 1 November 2007
| ShowEast Co Ltd
| <ref>{{cite news|last=Lee|first=Won-jin|title=Myth man sketches his own destiny|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2884079|newspaper=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=19 December 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130127050312/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2884079|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[Gourmet (TV series)|TV series]]
| 17 June 2008
| Broadcast on SBS
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Dramas Feature Professionals, Comics|url=https://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2008/01/135_16898.html|access-date=6 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Korea Times]]|date=8 January 2008|author=Kwon Mee-yoo|author2=Han Sang-hee}}</ref>
|-
| [[Le Grand Chef 2: Kimchi Battle|Film]]
| 28 January 2010
| IROOM Pictures
| <ref>{{cite news|last=Lee|first=Hyo-won|title=''Kimchi War'' Is Ripe with Drama|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2010/10/141_59855.html|work=[[The Korea Times]]|accessdate=18 November 2012|date=28 January 2010}}</ref>
|-
| ''Saranghae''<br />({{Korean|hangul=사랑해|labels=no}})
| [[Huh Young-man]]
| TV series
| 7 April 2008
| Broadcast on SBS
| <ref>{{cite news|last=Kwon|first=Mee-yoo|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2010/01/201_18634.html|title=Dramas Adapt New Way of Production |work=[[The Korea Times]]|date=10 February 2008|access-date=7 November 2012}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Priest (manhwa)|Priest]]''<br />({{Korean|hangul=프리스트|labels=no}})
| [[Hyung Min-woo]]
| [[Priest (2011 film)|Film]]
| 13 May 2011
|[[Screen Gems]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/31084/paul-bettany-join-screen-gems-priest|title=Corrosion: Cold Winter Waiting Available for Digital Download - Dread Central|website=www.dreadcentral.com|date=17 February 2012}}</ref>
|-
| ''The 7th Team''<br />({{Korean|hangul=제7구단|labels=no}})<br />''Mr. Go''<br />({{Korean|hangul=미스터 고|labels=no}})
| [[Huh Young-man]]
| [[Mr. Go (film)|Film]]
| 17 July 2013 <small>(South Korea)</small><br />18 July 2013 <small>(China)</small>
| [[Showbox]]/Mediaplex <small>(South Korea)</small><br />[[Huayi Brothers]] <small>(China)</small>
| <ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Eun-sun|title=Two Big Things Are Coming: The Dream Film of Korea - ''Mr. Go''|url=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?mode=VIEW&seq=2546|work=Korean Film Council|accessdate=14 June 2013|date=14 June 2013}}</ref>
|-
| ''Would You Like a Cup of Coffee?''<br />({{Korean|hangul=허영만의 커피 한잔 할까요?|labels=no}})
| [[Huh Young-man]]
| Web series
| 24 October 2021
| Broadcast on [[KakaoTV]]
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2021/05/26/entertainment/television/Ong-Seongwu-How-About-a-Cup-of-Coffee-wanna-one/20210526175300417.html|title=Ong Seong-wu to star in Kakao TV's 'How About a Cup of Coffee?'|work=[[The JoongAng Ilbo]]|author=Yang, Haley|date=26 May 2021|accessdate=26 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''Acacia''<br />({{Korean|hangul=아카시아|labels=no}})
| Kim Dong-hwa, Han Seung-won
| Webtoon
| 12 May 2023
| 
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20230511097600005|script-title=ko:1980년대 인기 순정만화 '아카시아' 웹툰으로 리메이크된다|trans-title=A popular romance comic in the 1980s, 'Acacia' will be remade as a webtoon|work=[[Yonhap News Agency]]|date=11 May 2023|accessdate=12 May 2023|language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://newsroom.kakaoent.com/news/kakao-entertainment-brings-timeless-1980s-romance-paperback-comic-acacia-to-life-as-a-vibrant-color-webtoon/|title=Kakao Entertainment brings timeless 1980s romance paperback comic, ACACIA, to life as a vibrant color webtoon|website=Kakao ENTERTAINMENT|date=22 May 2023|accessdate=25 May 2023}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Korean {{lang|ko-Latn|manhwa}} publishers==
Note: select publishers only

*[[Daewon C.I.]]
*[[Haksan Culture Company]]
*Seoul Cultural Publishers
*Shinwon Agency Corporation

==North American {{lang|ko-Latn|manhwa}} imprints==
* [[ADV Manga]]
* [[Dark Horse Comics|Dark Horse Manhwa]]
* [[DramaQueen]]
* [[DrMaster Publications]]
* Manta 
* [[Media Blasters]]
* [[Netcomics]]
* [[NBM ComicsLit]]
* [[Seven Seas Entertainment]]
* SuperAni
* [[UDON's Korean Manhwa]]
* [[Yen Press]]'s [https://yenpress.com/imprint/ize IZE PRESS]

==Subgenres==

Manhwa has a wide range of sub genres, including pornhwa.

==See also==
{{Portal|Comics|Korea}}
* [[Culture of South Korea]]
* [[Korean Wave]]
* [[List of manhwa]]
* [[Manhwabang]]
* [[Myeongnang manhwa]]
* [[North Korean animation]]
* [[South Korean animation]]
** [[List of Korean animated series]]
** [[List of Korean animated films]]
* [[Video gaming in South Korea]]
* [[Webtoon]]

== Citations ==
{{reflist}}

== General and cited sources ==
* Cain, Geoffrey. [http://www.feer.com/jaunt-through-asia/2009/november51/will-the-internet-kill-the-manhwa-star "Will the Internet Kill the Manhwa Star?"] ''[[Far Eastern Economic Review|The Far Eastern Economic Review]]'', 6 November 2009
* {{cite book |last=Fukushima |first=Yoshiko |year=2013 |title=Manga Discourse in Japan Theatre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PfeAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT19 |page=19 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-77273-3}}
* {{cite book |script-title=ko:한국만화통사 1 (General History of Manhwa 1) |author=Son Sang-ik |isbn=89-7259-890-9 |publisher=Sigongsa |year=1999 |language=ko}}
* {{cite book |last=Hart |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Hart (artist) |title=Manhwa mania: how to draw Korean comics |year=2004 |publisher=Watson-Guptill Publications |location=New York |isbn=0-8230-2976-X}}
* {{cite web  |author=Kim Jinsu|script-title=ko:개화기 일제의 시사만화 탄압 |trans-title=The Japanese oppression on Sisa manhwa |url=http://www.chammalo.com/sub_read.html?uid=7283&section=section3&section2= |publisher=Chammalo |date=2 June 2007 |language=ko}}
* {{cite web |script-title=ko:만화 |url=http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?i=136069#T3 |publisher=[[Empas]]/ [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |language=ko}}
* {{cite web |title=Manhwa |url=http://100.empas.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=284131&v=46 |publisher=Empas/ [[EncyKorea]] |language=ko}}
* {{cite book |last=Onoda |first=Natsu |year=2009 |title=God of Comics: Osamu Tezuka and the Creation of Post-World War II Manga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dvaR1-9HE7YC&pg=PA10 |page=10 |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |isbn=978-1-60473-478-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Petersen |first=Robert S. |title=Comics, Manga, and Graphic Novels: A History of Graphic Narratives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hr7aZh6oonoC&pg=PA120 |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-36330-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Prohl |first1=Inken |last2=Nelson |first2=John K |year=2012 |title=Handbook of Contemporary Japanese Religions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uiZi2mgC5a4C&pg=PA596 |page=596 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-23435-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Rousmaniere |first=Nicole |year=2001 |title=Births and Rebirths in Japanese Art : Essays Celebrating the Inauguration of the Sainsbury Institute for the Study of Japanese Arts and Cultures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yj3rAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Hotei Publishing |isbn=978-90-74822-44-2}}
* {{cite web |author=Sim Ji-hoon |title=Korea Manhwa Museum |work=INISteel Webzine |url=http://www.inisteel.com/news/webzine/200401/webzine_iniinfromation01.html |language=ko}}
* {{cite book |last=Sugiyama |first=Rika |title=Comic artists — Asia : manga, manhwa, manhua |year=2004 |publisher=Harper Design International |location=New York |isbn=0-06-058924-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Thompson |first=Jason |year=2007 |title=Manga: The Complete Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GvEFDD4rdWMC |location=New York |publisher=Ballantine Books |isbn=978-0-345-48590-8}}
* {{cite news |last=Webb |first=Martin |date=28 May 2006 |title=Manga by any other name is... |url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20060528x1.html |newspaper=[[The Japan Times]] |access-date=5 April 2008}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110713140232/http://www.katavila.com/articles/jade/manhwa-p1.pdf "Korean Comics in the U.S., Part 1, Comic-Con International 2004"]}}, Jade Magazine.com, Sep. 2004
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110713140310/http://www.katavila.com/articles/jade/manhwa-p2.pdf "Korean Comics in the U.S., Part 2, Manhwa Sampler"]}}, Jade Magazine.com, Sep. 2004
* [http://www.sequentialtart.com/archive/aug04/art_0804_6.shtml "Sang-Sun Park, ''Les Bijoux'' Comic Artist"], Sequential Tart.com, Aug. 2004
* [https://nvmanga.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/My-Body-Has-Been-Possessed-by-Someone.jpg Manhwa site for "Siya Ben"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060409171130/http://demon.mireene.com/ Manhwa site for "Demon Diary" ({{Korean{{!}}hangul=마왕일기{{!}}labels=no}})]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110713140318/http://www.katavila.com/articles/anime-tourist/infinity-studios.pdf "Infinity Studios and Manhwa"]}}, Anime Tourist.com, 16 June 2004
* [http://www.koreasociety.org/dmdocuments/2008-3-25-park-taekwonv.mp3 Our Toys, Our Selves: Robot Taekwon V and South Korean Identity]

{{Animation industry in South Korea}}
{{Comics}}

[[Category:Manhwa| ]]
[[Category:South Korean manhwa| ]]
[[Category:Comics formats]]