View source for DreamWorks Pictures

{{Short description|American film studio}}
{{about|the original live-action studio|the television arm|DreamWorks Television|the animated counterpart|DreamWorks Animation}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name          = DreamWorks Pictures
| trading_name  = DreamWorks SKG
| former_name   = {{Plainlist|
* DreamWorks Distribution, LLC (1994–2006)
* DreamWorks LLC (1994–2008)
}}
| type          = [[Subsidiary]]
| logo          = [[File:DreamWorks Pictures.svg|frameless|class=skin-invert]]
| logo_caption  = Logo used since 1994
| predecessor   = [[The Geffen Film Company]] (Original)
| key_people    = {{Plainlist|
* Steven Spielberg ([[chairman]])
* [[Jeff Small]] ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])
* Holly Bario ([[President (corporate title)|president]] of production)
}}
| founders      = {{Plainlist|
* [[Steven Spielberg]]
* [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]]
* [[David Geffen]]
}}
| industry      = [[Film industry|Film]]
| products      = Theatrical films
| num_employees = 80 (2012)<ref name="Fritz 2012a" />
| divisions     = {{Plainlist|
* [[DreamWorks Television]] (1994–2013)
* [[DreamWorks Animation]] (1994–2004)
* [[#DreamWorks Home Entertainment|DreamWorks Home Entertainment]] (1998–2006)
* [[DreamWorks Interactive]] (50%) (1995–2000)
* [[DreamWorks Records]] (1996–2003)
* [[Go Fish Pictures]] (2000–2007)
}}
| subsid        = {{Plainlist|
* [[Pacific Data Images]] (1995–2004)
* [[GameWorks]] (50%) (1996–2001)
}}
| website       = {{URL|https://amblin.com/movie/dreamworks/}}
| foundation    = {{Start date and age|1994|10|12}}
| location_city = [[Universal City, California]], U.S.
| location      = [[Universal Studios Lot|100 Universal City Plaza]]
| owner         = 
| parent        = [[Viacom (2005–2019)|Viacom]] (2006–2008)<br />[[Amblin Partners]] (2015–present)
}}

'''DreamWorks Pictures''' (also known as '''DreamWorks SKG''' commonly referred to as '''DreamWorks''') is an American film studio and distribution label of [[Amblin Partners]]. It was originally founded on October 12, 1994, as a live-action and animation [[film studio]] by [[Steven Spielberg]], [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]], and [[David Geffen]] (which together form the SKG of DreamWorks SKG), of which they owned 72%. The studio formerly distributed its own and third-party films. It has produced or distributed more than ten films with box-office grosses of more than $100 million each.

DreamWorks Pictures was sold to [[Viacom (1952–2006)|Viacom]], parent of [[Paramount Pictures]] in February 2006 (this version is now named DW Studios). In 2008, DreamWorks announced its intention to end its partnership with Paramount and made a deal to produce films with India's [[Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group]],<ref name="Reuters 2008" /> re-creating DreamWorks Pictures as an independent entity. The following year, DreamWorks entered into a distribution agreement with [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures]], wherein Disney would distribute DreamWorks films through the [[Touchstone Pictures]] label; the deal continued until August 2016. Since October 2016, [[Universal Pictures]] has distributed most of the films produced by DreamWorks Pictures. Currently, DreamWorks operates out of offices at [[Universal Studios Hollywood]].

DreamWorks is also distinct from its [[DreamWorks Animation|former animation division of the same name]], which was spun off in 2004 and became a subsidiary of [[NBCUniversal]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Comcast's NBCUniversal completes purchase of DreamWorks Animation |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-et-ct-comcast-dreamworks-deal-complete-20160822-snap-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=August 23, 2016 |access-date=August 23, 2016}}</ref> Spielberg's company continues to use the original DreamWorks trademarks under license from DreamWorks Animation.<ref>[https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1297401/000095015709000533/ex99-1.htm ex99-1]. Sec.gov. Retrieved August 24, 2013.</ref><ref>[https://investor.shareholder.com/dwa/secfiling.cfm?filingID=1297401-11-23&CIK=1297401 Dreamworks Animation – Current Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130823190533/http://investor.shareholder.com/dwa/secfiling.cfm?filingID=1297401-11-23&CIK=1297401 |date=August 23, 2013 }}. Investor.shareholder.com (December 7, 2011). Retrieved 2013-08-24.</ref>

== History ==

=== Founding and Universal distribution ===
The original company was founded following [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]]'s resignation from [[The Walt Disney Company]] in 1994. Katzenberg approached [[Steven Spielberg]] and [[David Geffen]] about forming a live-action and animation film studio, which had not been done in decades due to the risk and expense, but all three were very successful. They agreed on three conditions: They would make fewer than nine movies a year, they would be free to work for other studios if they chose, and they would go home in time for dinner. They officially founded DreamWorks SKG on October 12, 1994, with financial backing of $33 million from each of the three partners<ref>{{cite news |last1=Svetkey |first1=Benjamin |title=Jeffrey Katzenberg, David Geffen, and Steven Spielberg Start a Studio |url=https://ew.com/article/1994/10/28/jeffrey-katzenberg-david-geffen-and-steven-spielberg-start-studio/ |access-date=August 14, 2018 |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=October 28, 1994 |language=en}}</ref> plus $500 million from [[Microsoft]] co-founder [[Paul Allen]], and $300 million from [[CJ Group]] heiress [[Miky Lee]], giving the CJ Group an 11% stake in DreamWorks; the deal was also initially understood to include distribution rights to DreamWorks films across Asia excluding Japan, although CJ ultimately handled rights for only China, South Korea and Hong Kong, with all other international territories handled by [[United International Pictures]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Dreamworks East Miky Lee Hitches Her Star to Hollywood's Red-Hot Trio |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1996/10/28/203930/index.htm |access-date=August 6, 2019 |work=Fortune |date=October 28, 1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CJE keeps investment in D'Works|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first1=Nick|last1=Madigan|first2=Martin|last2=Peers|date=1 May 1998|access-date=7 December 2024|url=https://variety.com/1998/biz/news/cje-keeps-investment-in-d-works-1117470353/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Impact' rises to $200 mil|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Don|last=Groves|date=30 September 1998|access-date=7 December 2024|url=https://variety.com/1998/film/news/impact-rises-to-200-mil-1117480914/}}</ref> Their new studio was based at offices on the [[Universal Studios Hollywood|Universal Studios lot]], in the same bungalow as [[Amblin Entertainment]]. Despite access to [[sound stage]]s and [[Theatrical scenery|sets]], DreamWorks preferred to film motion pictures [[Filming location|on location]]. Usually, however, the company would film in a soundstage or set in a [[major studio]].

In December 1994, [[DreamWorks Television]] was formed after DreamWorks agreed to a $200 million seven-year television production joint venture with [[Capital Cities Communications|Capital Cities/ABC]].<ref>McClellan, Steve. (December 5, 1994). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140610193410/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-15935002.html "ABC makes high-profile production leap"]. ''[[Broadcasting & Cable]]''. 1994. [[HighBeam Research]]. Retrieved December 27, 2013.</ref> The company was set up to produce series for broadcast networks, cable channels and first run syndication, with no [[first-look deal|first-look]] guarantee for [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], but financial incentives favored the network.<ref name="Kunz 2007">{{cite book |last1=Kunz |first1=William M. |title=Culture Conglomerates: Consolidation in the Motion Picture and Television Industries |date=2007 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-4066-8 |pages=49, 50 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OMD4bqQg4iAC&pg=PA49 |access-date=June 4, 2014 |chapter=2}}</ref> Their first show, ''Champions'', was scheduled as a mid-season replacement for ABC. Dan McDermott was named the division's chief executive in June 1995.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hofmeister |first1=Sallie |title=Company Town : Fox Executive Dan McDermott Named to Head DreamWorks SKG Television |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-06-20-fi-15139-story.html |access-date=June 19, 2014 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=June 20, 1995}}</ref> DreamWorks Television's first success was ''[[Spin City]]'' on ABC,<ref name="Kunz 2007" /> the parent company of which was bought by [[The Walt Disney Company]] in February 1996.<ref>Fabrikant, Geraldine. [https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/05/business/the-media-business-disney-and-abc-shareholders-solidly-approve-merger-deal.html "The Media Business; Disney and ABC Shareholders Solidly Approve Merger Deal"]. January 5, 1996. ''[[The New York Times]]''. Retrieved July 8, 2013.</ref> In 2002, the DreamWorks joint venture agreement with ABC ended. That agreement was replaced by a development agreement with [[NBC]], with a first look clause.<ref name="Kunz 2007" /> In 2013, DreamWorks Television merged with [[Amblin Television]].

In 1995, [[traditional animation]] artists from [[Amblimation]] joined the new studio, which led to DreamWorks buying part of [[Pacific Data Images]], a company specializing in visual effects, and renaming it PDI/DreamWorks in 2000. Both were software divisions and would merge later on. By then, DreamWorks had the traditional animators working for their animation department, and the computer animators worked on CG films. [[Amblimation]] would be shut down in 1997, leading the staff to join [[DreamWorks Animation]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}} The same year, DreamWorks Interactive, a computer and video game developer and [[joint venture]] between DreamWorks and [[Microsoft]], was founded. On February 24, 2000, [[Electronic Arts]] announced the acquisition of DreamWorks Interactive and merged it with [[EA Pacific]] and [[Westwood Studios]] to form [[EA Los Angeles]], later [[Danger Close Games]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}

In June 1995, DreamWorks announced that it had signed a $1 billion deal with [[MCA Inc.]] (then parent company of [[Universal Pictures]]) to distribute its theatrical releases in other countries and its home video releases worldwide over 10 years, while DreamWorks itself would distribute them for the company as a film production label in America.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fabrikant |first1=Geraldine |title=The Media Business; MCA to Distribute Dreamworks' Films Abroad |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/14/business/the-media-business-mca-to-distribute-dreamworks-films-abroad.html |access-date=December 9, 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=June 14, 1995}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Horn |first1=John |title=MCA Makes Huge Deal With DreamWorks Studio |url=https://apnews.com/36fd5e14999b47d5486131ec3ee0ba02 |access-date=December 9, 2019 |work=AP News |date=June 13, 1995}}</ref> MCA also bought a 2% stake in the company for $54 million.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bates |first1=James |last2=Eller |first2=Claudia |title=DreamWorks, MCA Ally on Distribution : Entertainment: Each firm will split profits for the film- music deal worth $1 billion over 10 years, Seagram says. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-06-14-fi-13102-story.html |access-date=December 9, 2019 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=June 14, 1995}}</ref>

In 1996, the company's record label, [[DreamWorks Records]], was founded, the first project of which was [[George Michael]]'s album ''[[Older (George Michael album)|Older]]''. The first band signed to the label was [[Eels (band)|eels]], who released their debut album ''[[Beautiful Freak]]'' that year. The record company never lived up to expectations, though, and was sold in October 2003 to [[Universal Music Group]], which operated the label as [[DreamWorks Nashville]]. That label was shut down in 2005 when its flagship artist, [[Toby Keith]], departed to form his own label.<ref>Stark, Phyllis, "Toby Keith topped country charts, shook up Music Row", ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'', December 24, 2005, p. YE-18.</ref>

In 1997, DreamWorks Pictures released its first three feature films, ''[[The Peacemaker (1997 film)|The Peacemaker]]'', a film about terrorism; ''[[Amistad (film)|Amistad]]'', Spielberg's first film for the studio about an African slave rebellion and the aftermath of the massacre; and ''[[Mouse Hunt]]'', the studio's first family film about two brothers trying to fight a mischievous mouse.{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}

In 1998, the [[9th Circuit Court of Appeals|United States 9th Circuit Court of Appeals]] upheld a lawsuit against DreamWorks for trademark infringement by Dreamwerks Production Group, Inc.,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-9th-circuit/1455238.html |title=DREAMWERKS PRODUCTION GROUP INC v. SKG STUDIO SKG |access-date=February 25, 2013}}</ref> a company mostly specializing in ''[[Star Trek]]'' conventions.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://openjurist.org/142/f3d/1127/dreamwerks-production-group-inc-v-skg-studio-skg |title=Open Jurist |journal=142 F. 3d 1127 – Dreamwerks Production Group Inc V. SKG Studio SKG |year=1997 |volume=F3d |issue=142 |page=1127 |access-date=September 15, 2011}}</ref> The same year, DreamWorks Animation produced its first full-length animated features, ''[[Antz]]'' and ''[[The Prince of Egypt]]'', which were distributed by DreamWorks Pictures. DreamWorks Pictures continued to distribute DreamWorks Animation productions through their distribution name until 2004.

In 2000, DreamWorks was planning on building a studio [[backlot]] after buying 1,087 acres of land in the [[Playa Vista, Los Angeles|Playa Vista]] area in Los Angeles. It was to be complete with 18 [[sound stage]]s, with many office buildings and a lake. There would also be new homes, schools, churches, and museums. The project was to be completed in 2001, but was cancelled for financial reasons.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.seeing-stars.com/Studios/Dreamworks.shtml |title=Dreamworks |work=seeing-stars.com}}</ref> Starting in 1999, DreamWorks won three consecutive [[Academy Awards]] for [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] for ''[[American Beauty (1999 film)|American Beauty]]'', ''[[Gladiator (2000 film)|Gladiator]]'' and ''[[A Beautiful Mind (film)|A Beautiful Mind]]'' (the latter two were co-productions with Universal Pictures). DreamWorks became the first new major [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] motion picture studio since [[RKO Pictures]] was founded in 1928. [[Go Fish Pictures]], a division of DreamWorks with the objective to distribute [[art film|art-house]], [[independent film|independent]] and [[world cinema|foreign]] films, was founded in 2000. The division experienced success with the [[anime]] films ''[[Millennium Actress]]'' (2003) and ''[[Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence]]'' (2004), respectively, which led them to venture into releasing live-action films, with the release of ''[[The Chumscrubber]]''. However, ''The Chumscrubber'' was a commercial and critical failure, which led DreamWorks to shut down the division in 2007 shortly after the release of the Japanese film ''[[Casshern (film)|Casshern]]''.{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}} In 2002, DreamWorks signed a deal with In Demand.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Speier |first=Michael |date=January 13, 2002 |title=DreamWorks signs VOD deal with In Demand |url=https://variety.com/2002/digital/features/dreamworks-signs-vod-deal-with-in-demand-1117858392/ |access-date=July 6, 2021 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

For the period beginning October 1, 2004, to January 31, 2006, DreamWorks Pictures distributed its films in the North American domestic theatrical and worldwide television market, with international theatrical and worldwide home entertainment distribution by Universal Pictures.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 25, 2011 |title=DREAMWORKS ANIMATION SKG, INC. - FORM 10-K (Annual Report) |url=http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/DWA/0x0xS1193125-11-45757/1297401/filing.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529091102/http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/DWA/0x0xS1193125-11-45757/1297401/filing.pdf |archive-date=May 29, 2012 |website=Shareholder.com |publisher=DreamWorks Animation SKG |page=148}}</ref> On October 27, 2004, DreamWorks Animation was spun off into a separate public company.

David Geffen admitted that DreamWorks came close to bankruptcy twice. Under Katzenberg's watch, the studio suffered a $125 million loss on ''[[Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas]]'',<ref name="Friedman 2012" /> and also overestimated the DVD demand for ''[[Shrek 2]]''.<ref>[https://money.cnn.com/2005/07/01/technology/dvds/index.htm DVD: doom, gloom or boom?], CNN</ref> In 2005, out of their two large budget pictures, ''[[War of the Worlds (2005 film)|War of the Worlds]]'' was produced as a joint effort with [[Paramount Pictures]] which was the first to reap a significant amount of profits, while ''[[The Island (2005 film)|The Island]]'' bombed at the domestic box office but turned a profit internationally through [[Warner Bros. Pictures]].<ref name="Friedman 2012">{{cite web |author=[[Roger Friedman]] | title='Island' Could Sink DreamWorks Sale |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/island-could-sink-dreamworks-sale |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905005305/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,164329,00.html |archive-date=September 5, 2012 |publisher=Fox News |access-date=June 30, 2020}}</ref>

=== Paramount ownership ===
In December 2005, the [[Viacom (1952–2006)|original Viacom]], the then-parent of Paramount Pictures, agreed to purchase the live-action studio, still keeping the original name and producing/distribution name. The deal was valued at approximately $1.6 billion, an amount that included about $400 million in debt assumptions.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Peter Pae |author2=Claudia Eller |title=DreamWorks and Paramount settle divorce |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-oct-06-fi-dream6-story.html |access-date=August 29, 2014 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=October 6, 2008}}</ref> The acquisition of the live-action DreamWorks studio was completed by the [[Viacom (2005–2019)|second iteration of Viacom]], which had recently split from the original at the end of 2005, on February 1, 2006.<ref>{{cite web |title=Paramount's DreamWorks come true |url=https://money.cnn.com/2005/12/11/news/fortune500/viacom_dreamworks.reut/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051215154440/http://money.cnn.com/2005/12/11/news/fortune500/viacom_dreamworks.reut/index.htm |archive-date=December 15, 2005 |publisher=CNN}}</ref>

On March 17, 2006, Viacom agreed to sell a controlling interest in the DreamWorks Pictures live-action library to [[Soros Fund Management|Soros Strategic Partners]] and [[Dune Entertainment]] II.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/18/business/media/18film.html |title=Viacom to Sell DreamWorks Film Library |date=March 18, 2006 |agency=Associated Press |work=The New York Times}}</ref> The film library was valued at $900 million. Paramount Pictures retained the worldwide distribution rights to those films, as well as various ancillary rights, including music publishing (the music publishing rights were later licensed to [[Sony/ATV Music Publishing]] when the company acquired Viacom's [[Famous Music]] subdivision), sequels and merchandising. The sale was completed on May 8, 2006.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/18/business/media/18film.html?pagewanted=print Viacom to Sell DreamWorks Film Library]. ''The New York Times''. [[Associated Press]]. March 18, 2006. Retrieved July 20, 2009.</ref> On February 8, 2010, Viacom repurchased Soros' controlling stake in the DreamWorks Pictures library for around $400 million.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fixmer |first=Andy |date=February 11, 2010 |title=Viacom Acquires Soros Stake in Films for $400 Million (Update3) |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a5_oOCdFObtM |url-status=dead |access-date=February 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130407205432/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a5_oOCdFObtM |archive-date=April 7, 2013}}</ref>

=== Reliance-Spielberg joint venture ===
In June 2008, it was reported that DreamWorks was looking for financing that would allow it to continue operations, but as an independent production company, once its deal with Paramount ended later that year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2008/film/news/dreamworks-considers-indie-future-1117988086/ |title=DreamWorks considers indie future |author=Anne Thompson |work=Variety |date=June 26, 2008}}</ref> Several public equity funds were approached for financing, including [[Blackstone Group]], Fuse Global, [[TPG Capital]] and several others, but all passed on the deal given their understanding of the Hollywood markets. On September 22, 2008, it was announced that DreamWorks closed a deal with Indian investment firm [[Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group]] to create a $1.2 billion stand-alone production company and end its ties with Paramount.<ref name="Reuters 2008">{{cite news |title=DreamWorks completes deal with Reliance ADA |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/industry-us-dreamworks-idUSTRE48M2T720080923 |access-date=September 25, 2012 |date=September 22, 2008 |agency=Reuters}}</ref> In January 2009, Spielberg entered a licensing agreement with DreamWorks Animation to use the DreamWorks trademarks, logo, and name for film productions and releases.<ref name="McClintock 2015a">{{cite news |last1=McClintock |first1=Pamela |title=Will Steven Spielberg Drop the DreamWorks Name? |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/will-steven-spielberg-drop-dreamworks-826201 |access-date=October 4, 2015 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=September 24, 2015}}</ref>

On February 9, 2009, DreamWorks Pictures entered into a long-term, 30-picture distribution deal with [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures]], by which DreamWorks' films would be released through the [[Touchstone Pictures]] banner, with Disney collecting a 10 percent distribution fee.<ref name="Eller 2009">{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-feb-10-fi-dreamworks10-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |title=DreamWorks gets Disney cash in distribution deal |first=Claudia |last=Eller |date=February 10, 2009}}</ref> The deal also included co-funding via a $175 million loan by [[Walt Disney Studios (division)|Walt Disney Studios]] to DreamWorks for production and access to slots in Disney's pay television agreement, then with [[Starz]].<ref name="Eller 2009" /> The agreement was reported to have come after negotiations broke off with Universal Pictures just days earlier.<ref>{{cite news |last=Graser |first=Marc |title=Disney signs deal with DreamWorks |url=https://variety.com/2009/film/features/disney-signs-deal-with-dreamworks-1117999836/ |access-date=February 6, 2013 |newspaper=Variety (magazine) |date=February 9, 2009 |author2=Tatiana Siegel}}</ref> DreamWorks raised $325 million from Reliance Entertainment and an additional $325 million in debt in 2009.<ref name="Fritz 2012a">{{cite news |last=Fritz |first=Ben |title=DreamWorks Studios stays alive with new $200-million infusion |url=https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2012/04/dreamworks-studios-stays-alive-with-new-200-million-infusion.html |access-date=February 6, 2013 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=April 10, 2012}}</ref> On August 18, 2009, DreamWorks and Reliance signed a three-year, $825 million pact for up to six films a year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/dreamworks-signs-film-financing-deal-with-reliance/503412/ |title=DreamWorks signs film financing deal with Reliance |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

DreamWorks' slate of films in 2011, ''[[I Am Number Four (film)|I Am Number Four]]'', ''[[Cowboys & Aliens]]'', and ''[[Fright Night (2011 film)|Fright Night]]'' failed, while ''[[The Help (film)|The Help]]'', ''[[Real Steel]]'' and Spielberg's ''[[War Horse (film)|War Horse]]'' had success at the box office. This left DreamWorks so financially drained that by 2011, the company was seeking additional funding from Reliance. Reliance gave a $200 million investment on April 10, 2012. Under the deal, DreamWorks Pictures scaled back production to three films per year and sought co-financiers on big budget films, such as [[20th Century Studios|20th Century Fox]], who co-financed and handled international distribution for ''[[Lincoln (2012 film)|Lincoln]]'' and ''[[Bridge of Spies (film)|Bridge of Spies]]''. The company continued to have Disney distribute and market their films.<ref name="Fritz 2012a" /> On August 29, 2012, after re-negotiating their agreement with Disney, DreamWorks formed a deal with [[Mister Smith Entertainment]] to distribute its films internationally, while Disney would continue to distribute in North America, Latin America, Australia, Russia, and some territories in Asia.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fritz |first=Ben |title=DreamWorks replaces Disney with new international partner |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-et-ct-dreamworks-international-20120829,0,2191198.story |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=August 29, 2012}}</ref>

=== Amblin Partners venture ===
On September 2, 2015, it was reported that DreamWorks and Disney would not renew their distribution deal, which was set to expire in August 2016,<ref name="Masters 2015">{{cite news |last1=Masters |first1=Kim |title=Steven Spielberg's DreamWorks to Split From Disney, in Talks With Universal (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/steven-spielbergs-dreamworks-split-disney-819594 |access-date=September 3, 2015 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=September 2, 2015}}</ref><ref name="McNary 2015">{{cite news |last1=McNary |first1=Dave |title=Steven Spielberg's DreamWorks to Leave Disney, Possibly for Universal |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/steven-spielbergs-dreamworks-to-leave-disney-possibly-for-universal-1201583836/ |access-date=September 3, 2015 |work=Variety |date=September 2, 2015}}</ref> with ''[[The Light Between Oceans (film)|The Light Between Oceans]]'' being released in September as the final DreamWorks film distributed by Disney under their original distribution agreement.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20151216006049/en/DreamWorks-Studios-Participant-Media-Reliance-Entertainment-Entertainment |title=DreamWorks Studios, Participant Media, Reliance Entertainment and Entertainment One Form Amblin Partners, a New Film, Television and Digital Content Creation Company |date=December 16, 2015 |work=Business Wire |location=Universal City, California |format=Press release |quote=Film projects in various stages of production include: 'The BFG' and 'The Light Between Oceans,' scheduled for release by Disney in 2016. |access-date=December 23, 2015}}</ref> During that time, DreamWorks was in early negotiations with Universal Pictures to distribute its upcoming films.<ref name="Masters 2015" /><ref name="McNary 2015" /> The contract allowing Spielberg to license the DreamWorks name and logo from Jeffrey Katzenberg's DreamWorks Animation was set to expire on January 1, 2016, leading to media speculation that Spielberg would not renew the pact.<ref name="McClintock 2015a" /> Disney retained the film rights to the fourteen DreamWorks films it released,<ref name="McClintock 2015b">{{cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/steven-spielberg-jeff-skoll-team-849249 |title=Steven Spielberg, Jeff Skoll Team to Form Amblin Partners, Strike Distribution Deal With Universal |first=Pamela |last=McClintock |date=December 16, 2015 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=December 22, 2015 |author2=Gregg Kilday}}</ref> as well as acquiring the "DreamWorks II Distribution Co. LLC" copyright from DreamWorks and Reliance on December 11, 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ftc.gov/enforcement/premerger-notification-program/early-termination-notices/20160358 |title=20160358: The Walt Disney Company; Steven Spielberg |date=December 11, 2015 |publisher=Federal Trade Commission |access-date=April 29, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ftc.gov/enforcement/premerger-notification-program/early-termination-notices/20160359 |title=20160359: The Walt Disney Company; Anil D. Ambani |date=December 11, 2015 |publisher=Federal Trade Commission |access-date=April 29, 2016}}</ref>

On December 16, 2015, Spielberg, Reliance, [[Entertainment One]] and [[Participant (company)|Participant Media]] partnered to launch the content production company [[Amblin Partners]],<ref name="Fritz 2015">{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/steven-spielbergs-dreamworks-relaunches-as-amblin-partners-1450301848 |title=Steven Spielberg's DreamWorks Relaunches as Amblin Partners |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=December 16, 2015 |access-date=December 16, 2015}}</ref> relegating DreamWorks to a brand for adult-themed films produced under the new company.<ref name="Fritz 2015" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Cieply |first1=Michael |title=Steven Spielberg and DreamWorks Studios in Deal to Form New Company |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/17/business/media/steven-spielberg-and-dreamworks-studios-in-deal-to-form-new-company.html |access-date=December 23, 2015 |work=The New York Times |date=December 16, 2015}}</ref> In addition to DreamWorks, the new company also would produce films under the Amblin Entertainment and Participant banners. On the same day, Amblin Partners announced a five-year distribution deal with Universal, under which the company's films would be distributed and marketed by either the main Universal label or its specialty label, [[Focus Features]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lang |first1=Brent |title=Steven Spielberg, Jeff Skoll Bring Amblin Partners to Universal |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/steven-spiellberg-universal-1201662956/ |access-date=December 23, 2015 |work=Variety |date=December 16, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Busch |first1=Anita |title=It's Official: Spielberg, DreamWorks, Participant, eOne, Others Pact For Amblin Partners |url=https://deadline.com/2015/12/spielberg-dreamworks-participant-eone-others-pact-for-amblin-partners-1201668244/ |access-date=December 23, 2015 |work=Deadline Hollywood |date=December 16, 2015}}</ref> ''[[The Girl on the Train (2016 film)|The Girl on the Train]]'' was the first film released under the new agreement,<ref name="McClintock 2015b" /> though a few films, like ''[[Ghost in the Shell (2017 film)|Ghost in the Shell]]'' and ''[[The Post (film)|The Post]]'' were released by Paramount Pictures and 20th Century Fox respectively.

== Logo ==

=== Original ===
The original DreamWorks logo features a boy sitting on a [[Lunar phase|crescent moon]] with a fishing rod at night. The general idea for the logo was the idea of the company's founder, [[Steven Spielberg]], who wanted a [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI]] image. Illustrator [[Robert Hunt (illustrator)|Robert Hunt]] was commissioned to execute the idea as a painting, and he used his son as the model.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | title=10 Movie Studio Logos and the Stories Behind Them |author=Wook Kim |url=https://entertainment.time.com/2012/09/24/mountain-to-moon-10-movie-studio-logos-and-the-stories-behind-them/slide/dreamworks/ |date=September 24, 2015 |access-date=March 11, 2018}}</ref> The logo was then turned into a [[motion graphic]] at [[Industrial Light & Magic]], in collaboration with Kaleidoscope Films, Dave Carson and Clint Goldman.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.neatorama.com/2008/12/03/the-story-behind-hollywood-studio-logos |title=The Stories Behind Hollywood Studio Logos |work=Neatorama |date=December 3, 2008 |access-date=March 11, 2018}}</ref> It was animated by ILM animation supervisor [[Wes Takahashi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agni-animation.com/fullerton/halloffame/Wes_Ford_Takahashi.html |title=Subject: Wes Ford Takahashi |publisher=Animators' Hall of Fame |access-date=June 14, 2016 |archive-date=August 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812020742/http://www.agni-animation.com/fullerton/halloffame/Wes_Ford_Takahashi.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.itu.edu/directory/faculty |title=Digital Arts Faculty |publisher=International Technological University |access-date=June 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812215132/http://itu.edu/digital-arts/faculty/ |archive-date=August 12, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Music accompanying the logo to start in many live-action DreamWorks films was specially composed by [[John Williams]].

=== Animation ===
{{Further|DreamWorks Animation#Logo}}
The reimagined animation logo had music adapted from the track "Fairytale" for ''[[Shrek]]'', based on the [[Shrek!|children's picture book of the same name]] by author [[William Steig]]. The logo was composed by [[Harry Gregson-Williams]] and made its debut in 2004, with the release of ''[[Shrek 2]]'', a film which Gregson-Williams also composed. Two years after its acquisition by [[Universal Pictures]] in 2016, the logo received a new fanfare composed by [[John Powell (film composer)|John Powell]] and incorporate some cues from ''Shrek 2'' and tones from Williams' original DreamWorks fanfare to create the music for the logo. The new fanfare debuted in 2019, with the release of ''[[How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World]]'', a film for which Powell also composed. In 2022, Harry Gregson-Williams returned to composed a new version of the fanfare, with the debut of ''[[Puss in Boots: The Last Wish]]''.

== DreamWorks Home Entertainment ==
{{Infobox company
| name             = DreamWorks Home Entertainment
| logo             = [[File:DreamWorks Home Entertainment logo.svg|frameless|class=skin-invert]]
| logo_caption     = Logo used from 1998
| type             = [[Division (business)|Division]]
| industry         = [[Home video]]
| predecessor      = [[CIC Video]] (1998–1999)
| founded          = {{Start date and age|1998|3|10}} (original)<br />{{Start date and age|2011}} (revival)
| defunct          = {{End date and age|2009}} (original)
| fate             = Folded into [[Paramount Home Entertainment]] <small>(DW Studios, LLC catalog)</small><br />Physical media operations transferred to [[Universal Pictures Home Entertainment#Studio Distribution Services, LLC|Studio Distribution Services]]. Its labels remain in use on SDS-distributed releases. <small>(DreamWorks II Distribution Co., LLC, [[Amblin Partners|Storyteller Distribution Co., LLC]] and [[DreamWorks Animation]] catalogs)</small>
| successor        = [[Paramount Home Entertainment]] <small>(2009–present, DWS catalog)</small><br />[[DreamWorks Animation#DreamWorks Animation Home Entertainment|DreamWorks Animation Home Entertainment]]<br /><small>(2006–2018, DWA catalog)</small>{{efn|name=DWA|Released by [[Paramount Home Entertainment]] from 2006–2012 and by [[20th Century Home Entertainment|20th Century Fox Home Entertainment]] from 2013–2018.}}<br />[[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment]]{{efn|name=DWTouchstone|Released under the [[Touchstone Pictures|Touchstone Home Entertainment]] label.}} <small>(2011–2024, DWIIDC catalog)</small><br />[[Universal Pictures Home Entertainment]] <small>(2016–2021, SDC catalog; 2019–2021, DWA catalog)</small><br />[[Sony Pictures Home Entertainment]] <small>(2024, DWIIDC catalog via WDSHE)</small><br />[[Universal Pictures Home Entertainment#Studio Distribution Services, LLC|Studio Distribution Services]] <small>(2021–present, SDC and DWA catalogs; 2024–present for DWIIDC catalog via SPHE/WDSHE)</small>
| parent           = DreamWorks Pictures (1998–2006)<br />[[Paramount Home Entertainment]] (2006–2009)<br />'''Distribution partners:'''
[[Universal Pictures Home Entertainment]] <small>(1998–2006, DWS and DWA catalogs; 2016–2021, SDC catalog; 2019–2021, DWA catalog)</small><br />[[Paramount Home Entertainment]] <small>(2006–present, DWS catalog)</small><br />[[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment]]{{efn|name = DWTouchstone}} <small>(2011–2024, DWIIDC catalog)</small><br />[[Sony Pictures Home Entertainment]] <small>(2024, DWIIDC catalog via WDSHE)</small><br />[[Universal Pictures Home Entertainment#Studio Distribution Services, LLC|Studio Distribution Services]] <small>(2021–present, SDC and DWA catalogs; 2024–present for DWIIDC catalog via SPHE/WDSHE)</small>
| location_city    = [[Universal City, California]]
| location_country = [[United States]]
| area_served      = Worldwide
| products         = Home video
| divisions        = 
}}

'''DreamWorks Home Entertainment''' was a home media unit of DreamWorks Pictures and banner for other home media units, formed on March 10, 1998. Its releases were first distributed by [[Universal Pictures Home Entertainment]] (then known as Universal Studios Home Entertainment and initially through [[CIC Video]] internationally). After DreamWorks Pictures was purchased by [[Paramount Pictures]] on February 1, 2006, DreamWorks Home Entertainment was merged into [[Paramount Home Entertainment]] and started being used as a label for films released under the live-action DreamWorks banner until it was shuttered in 2009 after when DreamWorks spun itself off from Paramount and became an independent company.

Their releases are currently distributed by Paramount Home Entertainment for the DW Studios, LLC catalog (with some catalogues - including [[Small Soldiers]] - currently licensed out overseas including the [[United Kingdom]]) and [[Universal Pictures Home Entertainment#Studio Distribution Services, LLC|Studio Distribution Services]], a joint venture between Universal Pictures Home Entertainment and [[Warner Bros. Discovery Home Entertainment|Warner Bros. Home Entertainment]], via UPHE for the [[Amblin Partners|Storyteller Distribution Co., LLC]] and [[DreamWorks Animation]] catalogs, who released those catalogs on home video from 2016 to 2021 and 1999 to 2006/2019 to 2021, respectively, and through a distribution deal with [[Sony Pictures Home Entertainment]] for the DreamWorks II Distribution Co., LLC catalog via [[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment]],{{efn|name=DWTouchstone}} who released that catalog on home video very briefly in 2024 after Disney released it from 2011 to 2024.

== Filmography ==
{{Main|List of DreamWorks Pictures films}}

=== Film series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Title
! Release date
! No. Films
! Notes
|-
| ''[[The Prince of Egypt]]''
| 1998–2000
| rowspan=6 | 2
| co-production with [[DreamWorks Animation]]
|-
| ''[[Meet the Parents (film series)|Meet the Parents]]''
| 2000–04
| co-production with [[Universal Pictures]]
|-
| ''[[Shrek (franchise)|Shrek]]''
| 2001–04
| co-production with DreamWorks Animation
|-
| ''[[The Ring (franchise)|The Ring]]''
| 2002–05
|
|-
| ''[[Anchorman (film series)|Anchorman]]''
| 2004
|
|-
| ''[[Transformers (film series)|Transformers]]''
| 2007–09
| co-production with [[Paramount Pictures]]
|}

=== Highest-grossing films ===
{{Columns-start|num=2}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+ Highest-grossing films in North America<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-records/domestic/all-movies/theatrical-distributors/dreamworks-skg |title=All Time Domestic Box Office for Dreamworks SKG Movies |website=The Numbers}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Box office gross
|-
! 1
| ''[[Shrek 2]]''
| 2004
| $441,226,247
|-
! 2
| ''[[Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen]]''
| 2009
| $402,111,870
|-
! 3
| ''[[Transformers (film)|Transformers]]''
| 2007
| $319,246,193
|-
! 4
| ''[[Meet the Fockers]]''
| 2004
| $279,261,160
|-
! 5
| ''[[Shrek]]''
| 2001
| $267,665,011
|-
! 6
| ''[[War of the Worlds (2005 film)|War of the Worlds]]''
| 2005
| $234,280,354
|-
! 7
| ''[[Cast Away]]''
| 2000
| $233,632,142
|-
! 8
| ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]''
| 1998
| $216,540,909
|-
! 9
| ''[[Madagascar (2005 film)|Madagascar]]''
| 2005
| $193,595,521
|-
! 10
| ''[[Gladiator (2000 film)|Gladiator]]''
| 2000
| $187,705,427
|-
! 11
| ''[[Lincoln (film)|Lincoln]]''
| 2012
| $182,207,973
|-
! 12
| ''[[A Beautiful Mind (film)|A Beautiful Mind]]''
| 2001
| $170,742,341
|-
! 13
| ''[[The Help (film)|The Help]]''
| 2011
| $169,708,112
|-
! 14
| ''[[Meet the Parents]]''
| 2000
| $166,244,045
|-
! 15
| ''[[Catch Me If You Can]]''
| 2002
| $164,606,800
|-
! 16
| ''[[Shark Tale]]''
| 2004
| $161,412,000
|-
! 17
| ''[[1917 (2019 film)|1917]]''
| 2019
| $159,227,644
|-
! 18
| ''[[What Lies Beneath]]''
| 2000
| $155,464,351
|-
! 19
| ''[[Deep Impact (film)|Deep Impact]]''
| 1998
| $140,464,664
|-
! 20
| ''[[Minority Report (film)|Minority Report]]''
| 2002
| $132,072,926
|-
! 21
| ''[[American Beauty (1999 film)|American Beauty]]''
| 1999
| $130,058,047
|-
! 22
| ''[[The Ring (2002 film)|The Ring]]''
| 2002
| $129,094,024
|-
! 23
| ''[[Seabiscuit (film)|Seabiscuit]]''
| 2003
| $120,277,854
|-
! 24
| ''[[Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events]]''
| 2004
| $118,634,549
|-
! 25
| ''[[Blades of Glory]]''
| 2007
| $118,594,548
|}
{{Column}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Highest-grossing films worldwide<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-records/worldwide/all-movies/theatrical-distributors/dreamworks-skg |title=All Time Worldwide Box Office for Dreamworks SKG Movies |website=The Numbers}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" | Rank
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Box office gross
|-
! 1
| ''[[Shrek 2]]''
| 2004
| $935,454,538
|-
! 2
| ''[[Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen]]''
| 2009
| $836,519,699
|-
! 3
| ''[[Transformers (film)|Transformers]]''
| 2007
| $709,709,780
|-
! 4
| ''[[War of the Worlds (2005 film)|War of the Worlds]]''
| rowspan="2" | 2005
| $603,873,119
|-
! 5
| ''[[Madagascar (2005 film)|Madagascar]]''
| $542,063,846
|-
! 6
| ''[[Meet the Fockers]]''
| 2004
| $522,657,936
|-
! 7
| ''[[Shrek]]''
| 2001
| $491,812,794
|-
! 8
| ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]''
| 1998
| $485,035,045
|-
! 9
| ''[[Gladiator (2000 film)|Gladiator]]''
| rowspan="2" | 2000
| $465,390,350
|-
! 10
| ''[[Cast Away]]''
| $427,632,142
|-
! 11
| ''[[1917 (2019 film)|1917]]''
| 2019
| $384,579,472
|-
! 12
| ''[[Shark Tale]]''
| 2004
| $374,583,879
|-
! 13
| ''[[Minority Report (film)|Minority Report]]''
| 2002
| $358,372,926
|-
! 14
| ''[[American Beauty (1999 film)|American Beauty]]''
| 1999
| $356,258,047
|-
! 15
| ''[[Catch Me If You Can]]''
| 2002
| $355,612,291
|-
! 16
| ''[[Deep Impact (film)|Deep Impact]]''
| 1998
| $349,464,664
|-
! 17
| ''[[Meet the Parents]]''
| 2000
| $330,443,045
|-
! 18
| ''[[Green Book (film)|Green Book]]''
| 2018
| $321,752,485
|-
! 19
| ''[[A Beautiful Mind (film)|A Beautiful Mind]]''
| 2001
| $317,668,058
|-
! 20
| ''[[Real Steel]]''
| 2011
| $299,268,508
|-
! 21
| ''[[What Lies Beneath]]''
| 2000
| $291,420,351
|-
! 22
| ''[[Lincoln (film)|Lincoln]]''
| 2012
| $275,293,450
|-
! 23
| ''[[The Ring (2002 film)|The Ring]]''
| 2002
| $249,348,933
|-
! 24
| ''[[A.I. Artificial Intelligence]]''
| 2001
| $235,926,552
|-
! 25
| ''[[Chicken Run]]''
| 2000
| $227,793,915
|}
{{Columns-end}}

=== Primary owners and distributors ===

==== Theatrical distributors ====
* [[Universal Pictures]]<br />{{small|(1997–2005 for DW Studios, LLC and [[DreamWorks Animation]] catalogs; 2016–present for [[Amblin Partners|Storyteller Distribution Co., LLC]] catalog)}}
* [[Paramount Pictures]]<br />{{small|(2006–2011 for DW Studios, LLC catalog)}}
* [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures]]{{efn|Released under the [[Touchstone Pictures]] label.}}<br />{{small|(2011–2016 for DreamWorks II Distribution Co., LLC catalog)}}

==== Home entertainment distributors ====
* [[Universal Pictures Home Entertainment]]<br />{{small|(1998–2005 for DW Studios, LLC and DreamWorks Animation catalogs; 2016–2021 for Storyteller Distribution Co., LLC catalog; 2019–2021 for DreamWorks Animation catalog)}}
* [[DreamWorks Animation#DreamWorks Animation Home Entertainment|DreamWorks Animation Home Entertainment]]<br />{{small|(2006–2018 for DreamWorks Animation catalog)}}{{efn|name=DWA}}
* [[Paramount Home Entertainment]]<br />{{small|(2006–present for DW Studios, LLC catalog)}}
* [[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment]]{{efn|name=DWTouchstone}}<br />{{small|(2011–2024 for DreamWorks II Distribution Co., LLC catalog)}}
* [[Sony Pictures Home Entertainment]]<br />{{small|(briefly in 2024 for DreamWorks II Distribution Co., LLC catalog via WDSHE)}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rubin |first1=Rebecca |title=Disney Strikes Deal for Sony to Take Over Its DVD, Blu-ray Disc Business |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/disney-sony-pysical-media-dvd-blu-ray-disc-business-1235917294/ |website=Variety |access-date=February 20, 2024 |date=February 20, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=February 20, 2024 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Disney & Sony Ink Deal for Sony to Take Over Disney's Physical Media Production, Disney Movie Club to Shut Down as a Result |url=https://thedigitalbits.com/columns/my-two-cents/022024-1000 |access-date=February 20, 2024 |work=The Digital Bits}}</ref>
* [[Universal Pictures Home Entertainment#Studio Distribution Services, LLC|Studio Distribution Services]]<br />{{small|(2021–present for Storyteller Distribution Co., LLC and DreamWorks Animation catalogs via UPHE pre-SDS merger; 2024–present for DreamWorks II Distribution Co., LLC catalog via SPHE/WDSHE)}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2|refs=}}

{{Film Studio}}
{{NBCUniversal}}
{{Paramount Global}}
{{Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group}}
{{Steven Spielberg}}
{{DreamWorks Animation}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:DreamWorks Pictures| ]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in California]]
[[Category:2006 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:Amblin Partners]]
[[Category:American companies established in 1994]]
[[Category:Companies based in Los Angeles County, California]]
[[Category:David Geffen]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies based in California]]
[[Category:Film distributors of the United States]]
[[Category:Film production companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Former Viacom subsidiaries]]
[[Category:Jeffrey Katzenberg]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1994]]
[[Category:Steven Spielberg]]
[[Category:Universal City, California]]