View source for Charles-Joseph Traviès de Villers

{{short description|French painter}}

{{Infobox person
| name                = Charles-Joseph Traviès de Villers
| image               = Traviès de Villers, caricature by Benjamin Roubaud.jpg
|caption =Caricature of Traviès by [[Benjamin Roubaud]]{{efn|This caricature was originally published in ''Panthéon charivarique'' (The Charivari [[Pantheon (religion)|Pantheon]]) {{circa}} 1840. The caption reads "His talent is as prominent as his nose"<ref name = "Farwell" />}}
| birth_date          = {{Birth date|1804|02|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place         = [[Wülflingen]], Switzerland
| death_date     =  {{Death date and age|1859|08|13|1804|02|21|df=yes}}
| death_place    = Paris, France
|occupation = {{flatlist|
*caricaturist
*painter}}
}}

'''Charles-Joseph Traviès de Villers''', also known simply as '''Traviès''', (21 February 1804 – 13 August 1859) was a Swiss-born French painter, lithographer, and caricaturist whose work appeared regularly in ''[[Le Charivari]]'' and ''[[La Caricature (1830–1843)|La Caricature]]''. His ''Panthéon Musical'' was one of the most famous and widely reproduced musical caricatures of the 19th century. His younger brother was the painter and illustrator [[Édouard Traviès]].<ref>Bellier de La Chavignerie, Émile and Auvray, Louis (1885). [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k113384f/f589 ''Dictionnaire général des artistes de l'École française depuis l'origine des arts du dessin jusqu'à nos jours''], Vol. 2, p. 588. Librairie Renouard {{in lang|fr}}</ref><ref>Weinstock, Herbert (1963). ''Donizetti and the World of Opera in Italy, Paris, and Vienna in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century'', p. 205. Octagon Books (reprint). {{ISBN|0374983372}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Traviès was born in [[Wülflingen]] (now a district in the Swiss city of [[Winterthur]]) although he later became a naturalised French citizen. His father was an engraver of English descent. His mother was from a French family and a descendant of the Marquis de Villers. He studied art in Strasbourg and later under [[François Joseph Heim]] at the [[École des Beaux-Arts]] in Paris. When he was a young man, a series of financial misfortunes left his parents in poverty, and he became their sole support. He began his career producing portraits  and [[genre painting]]s and made his debut at the [[Paris Salon]] in 1823. He also turned his hand to producing designs for wallpaper and printed fabrics. 
[[File:"Panthéon Musical", par J. Traviès - Les Principaux Compositeurs en 1843.jpg|thumb|Lithograph/Cartoon: principal composers of 1843 - "Panthéon Musical", by J. Traviès]]
By the late 1820s he had become a popular caricaturist enjoying particular success with his collections ''Tableau de Paris'' and ''Galerie des Épicuriens''. He then joined [[Charles Philipon]]'s satirical magazines ''La Caricature'' and ''La Charivari'' where he was to become one of their most prolific caricaturists.<ref name="Unisob">De Ruvo, Francesca and Mazzaro, Alessandramonica (2016). [https://www.unisob.na.it/ateneo/unsecolodisatira.pdf ''Un secolo di satira''], pp. 130–133. [[Suor Orsola Benincasa University of Naples|Università degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa]]. {{ISBN|9788896055762}} {{in lang|it}}</ref><ref name="Deberle" /><ref name="Vapereau">Vapereau, Gustave (1870). [https://books.google.com/books?id=OMk5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1682 "Traviès de Villers (Charles-Joseph)"]. ''Dictionnaire universel des contemporains'', Vol. 2, p. 1682. Hachette et Cie {{in lang|fr}}</ref> Both magazines were highly critical of the [[July Monarchy]] and its king, [[Louis Philippe I|Louis Philippe]], whom they mercilessly caricatured. His most famous creation during this period was the character "Mayeaux" (sometimes spelled "Mahieux") a h[[unchback]] who came to represent all the faults and foibles of the ''[[bourgeoisie]]'' who were the principle supporters of Louis Philippe. The character, which first appeared in the pages of ''La Caricature'' in 1831, was the inspiration for several other satirists including [[Honoré Daumier|Daumier]], [[Jean Ignace Isidore Gérard Grandville|Grandville]], and [[Honoré de Balzac]]. Using pseudonyms, Balzac wrote two articles on Mayeux's adventures for ''La Caricature''—"M. Mahieux en société" and "M. Mahieux au bal de l'Opéra". 

[[File:Mayeux - mon prince, vous perdez vos mollets by Traviès de Villers.jpg|thumb|The hunchback character "Mayeux" ridicules [[Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans]], exclaiming, "Dieu de Dieu! mon prince, vous perdez vos mollets." (Good God! my prince you are losing your calves). Published in ''La Caricature''. 5 March 1835.]]
During this time Traviès also became involved in early socialist movements, an interest which he maintained throughout his life. He was first attracted to [[Saint-Simonianism]] and then to the ideas of Simon Ganneau, becoming a follower of Ganneau's sect ''Evadisme'' which focused heavily on equality of the sexes. In his later years he would become increasingly attracted to the utopian socialism of [[Charles Fourier]] and Fourier's disciple Jean Journet. He also carried out lengthy correspondence with [[Flora Tristan]] and [[François Ponsard]], a poet and playwright of socialist leanings.<ref name="Unisob" /><ref>Kerr, David S. (2000). [https://books.google.com/books?id=YXNO_Jc1eb0C&pg=PA40 ''Caricature and French Political Culture 1830-1848''], p. 40. Clarendon Press. {{ISBN|0191543047}}</ref>

Following the assassination attempt on Louis Philippe in July 1835, a law was passed on 9 September 1835 forbidding political caricatures and articles critical of the king. In light of the subsequent fines and imprisonments imposed on the press for violations of this law, Traviès, like many of his colleagues, turned his attention to satirizing French customs and culture. He also provided illustrations for Balzac's ''[[La Comédie humaine]]'' and [[Eugène Sue]]'s ''[[Les Mystères de Paris]]'' as well as producing many depictions of the Parisian poor and their daily life.<ref name = "Unisob" /><ref name = "Deberle">Deberle, Alfred (15 September 1859). [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k120191f/f49 "C. J. Traviès"]. ''L'Orchestre'', p. 2 {{in lang|fr}}</ref><ref name = "Farwell">Farwell, Beatrice  and Henning, Robert (1989). ''The Charged Image: French Lithographic Caricature, 1816-1848'', p. 27. Santa Barbara Museum of Art. {{ISBN|0899510752}}</ref>{{efn|For a comprehensive catalogue of Traviès's works see Beraldi (1885).<ref name = "Beraldi" />}} [[Baudelaire]], who was an admirer of his work, including these later pieces, wrote of Traviès: 
<blockquote>He is the prince of the unfortunate. His muse is a nymph of the suburbs, pale and melancholy. [...] Traviès has a deep feeling for the joys and sorrows of the common people. He knows the scoundrel thoroughly, and he loves him with tender charity. For this reason his ''Scènes Bachiques'' will remain a remarkable work.<ref name = "Baud">Baudelaire, Charles (1 October 1857). [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9764198g/f106.item "Quelques caricaturistes français"]. ''Le Présent'', pp. 93–95 {{in lang|fr}}</ref></blockquote>
When Baudelaire wrote these words in 1857 he observed that Traviès had been inexplicably "missing from the scene" for quite a while. After 1845 Traviès had worked more and more sporadically. The last fourteen years of his life were marked by depression and illness. However, he exhibited portraits in the 1848 and 1855 Paris Salons and finally managed to complete his religious painting ''Christ et la Samaritaine'' which was exhibited in the 1853 Salon and bought by the French government. He died in his Paris apartment on 13 August 1859 at the age of 55. According to contemporary obituaries, he died in poverty lying on a straw bed.<ref>"A. D." (29 September 1860). [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k61109032/f2 "Causerie artistique"]. ''La Lumière'', 10<sup>e</sup> Année, N<sup>o</sup> 39, pp. 154–155 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref><ref name = "Deberle" /><ref name = "Vapereau" />
[[File:Charles, Louis, Philippe, Henry Dieu-donné, Mayeux by Traviès de Villers.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Mayeux Pharmacien by Traviès de Villers.jpg|thumb|Caricature showing the hunchback character "Mayeux" as a pharmacist. He holds a large tin of ''onguent gris'', a grey ointment used in the 19th century to treat skin conditions caused by syphilis. The young woman at the counter tells him "Ce n'est pas pour moi Monsieur" (It is not for me, sir), 1831.]]

==Works==
===Portraits and paintings===
<gallery class="center" mode="packed" widths=250px heights=170px>
File:Armand Barbès en Prison by Traviès de Villers.jpg|''[[Armand Barbès]] en Prison''
File:Elisa Julian by Traviès de Villers.jpg|''Elisa Julian''
File:Christ et la Samaritaine by Traviès de Villers (detail).jpg|''Christ et la Samaritaine'' (detail)
</gallery>
''Armand Barbès en Prison'', drawn by Traviès in 1835, is the only known portrayal of [[Armand Barbès]] in prison. It depicts him alone in his cell in [[Sainte-Pélagie Prison|Sainte-Pélagie]] where he was held from 1834 to 1835, the first of his many imprisonments. The drawing conveys a sense of melancholy and isolation with deep shadows and only the subject's face illuminated.<ref>Albigès, Luce-Marie (November 2004). [https://www.histoire-image.org/etudes/armand-barbes-prisonnier-mont-saint-michel-1839-1843 "Armand Barbès prisonnier au Mont-Saint-Michel (1839-1843)"]. ''L'Histoire par l'image''. Retrieved 26 May 2017 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref> Traviès's lithograph portrait of the opera singer Elisa Julian, published in the journal ''La Sylphide'' in 1840 and exhibited at the Paris Salons of 1848 and 1855, was particularly admired by the writer Alfred Deberle. During the late 1830s Traviès also produced lithograph portraits of the composer [[Ferdinand Hérold]] and statesman [[Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure|Dupont de l'Eure]] as well as ''Galerie des Illustrations Scientifiques'', a series of portraits of prominent French doctors and scientists which were published in ''Charivari'' and separately as prints by Maison Aubert.<ref name = "Beraldi">Beraldi, Henri (1885). [https://archive.org/details/lesgraveursdu19e12berauoft ''Les graveurs du 19e siècle; guide de l'amateur d'estampes modernes''], Vol. XII, pp. 142-153. L. Conquet {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

The art critic [[Champfleury]], who knew Traviès in his later years, described his studio as filled with unfinished religious paintings by a painter who appeared to have lost his confidence. He finally completed his ''Christ et la Samaritaine'' (Christ and the [[Samaritan woman at the well|Samaritan woman]]) after working on it for over 14 years. Exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1853 and bought by the French government, it now hangs in the parish church of [[Saint-Gilles, Gard]]. In 1975 it was declared a ''[[monument historique]]'' as one of the few known examples of a Traviès oil painting.<ref>[[Champfleury]] (1885). [https://archive.org/stream/3edhistoiredelac00cham#page/218/mode/2up ''Histoire de la caricature moderne''], pp. 219–238. E. Dentu {{in lang|fr}}</ref><ref>{{Base Palissy|PM30000875  Le ''Christ et la Samaritaine'', Reference PM30000875}}</ref> Another unsigned oil painting {{circa}} 1840 depicting the cabaret at Café des Aveugles is attributed to Traviès by the [[Musée Carnavalet]], although the art historian Claude Ferment has disputed the attribution as almost certainly an error. The painting was shown in the Paris Pavilion at the [[Exposition of 1930 (Liège)|Exposition internationale de Liège]] in 1930.<ref>Ferment, Claude (February 1982). "Le Caricaturiste Travies: La Vie et l'oeuvre d'un 'Prince du Guignon'" ''Gazette des Beaux-Arts'' pp. 63-78</ref><ref>[[Musée Carnavalet]]. [http://parismuseescollections.paris.fr/fr/musee-carnavalet/oeuvres/le-cafe-des-aveugles-au-palais-royal ''Le Café des Aveugles, au Palais-Royal'']. Retrieved 26 May 2017 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*Maurice, Arthur Bartlett, and Cooper, Frederic Taber (1904). [https://archive.org/details/historyofninetee00mauruoft ''History of the Nineteenth Century in Caricature''], pp.&nbsp;91–93. Dodd, Mead and Co.

==External links==
{{Commonscatinline}}
*[http://parismuseescollections.paris.fr/en/recherche/auteur/Travi%C3%A8s%20de%20Villers%2C%20Charles%20Joseph%20(dit%20C%252E%20J%252E%20Travi%C3%A8s) Works by Charles-Joseph Traviès de Villers] in the [[Paris Musées]] collections {{in lang|fr}}
*[https://art.famsf.org/charles-joseph-travies-de-villers Works by Charles-Joseph Traviès de Villers] in the [[Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco]] collections

{{Authority control (arts)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Travies de Villers, Charles-Joseph}}
[[Category:19th-century French painters]]
[[Category:Immigrants to France]]
[[Category:French male painters]]
[[Category:19th-century French lithographers]]
[[Category:French caricaturists]]
[[Category:French editorial cartoonists]]
[[Category:Swiss editorial cartoonists]]
[[Category:1804 births]]
[[Category:1859 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Winterthur]]
[[Category:19th-century French male artists]]